211 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
211 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
# UPS Management (NUT — Network UPS Tools)
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Centralized UPS monitoring for the server room via
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[NUT](https://networkupstools.org/), running on **pfv-tsys1**. USB HID UPS
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units feed one `upsd` network server; Home Assistant polls it over Tailscale for
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real-time power/load/runtime tracking, and a local `upsmon` shuts the hypervisor
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down gracefully when battery is low.
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> **Why NUT (not apcupsd)?** Two different UPS brands (APC + Tripp Lite) must be
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> covered. `apcupsd` only supports APC, so it would require a second daemon
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> stack. NUT's `usbhid-ups` driver speaks to **both** via the USB HID Power
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> Device class, and Home Assistant ships a first-class NUT integration.
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## Hardware
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| UPS | Model | VID:PID | USB Serial | Status |
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|-----|-------|---------|------------|--------|
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| **APC** | Smart-UPS C 1500 (FW 02.2) | `051d:0003` | `AS1213210423` | **LIVE** |
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| **Tripp Lite** | UPS (HID PDC) | `09ae:3016` | `2352CVLSM871900694` | **Blocked** — see below |
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## Current State (2026-07-30)
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### APC Smart-UPS C 1500 — OPERATIONAL
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Fully reporting via `usbhid-ups` + `APC HID 0.100` subdriver. Data validated:
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```
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battery.charge: 100 battery.runtime: 1800 battery.voltage: 27.4
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ups.status: OL ups.load: (via HA) ups.model: Smart-UPS C 1500
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```
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### Tripp Lite UPS — BLOCKED (hardware issue)
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The driver finds the device, matches the `TrippLite HID 0.85` subdriver, claims
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the interface, and reads the HID descriptor — but **fails reading the 878-byte
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HID Report Descriptor** (`Resource temporarily unavailable` / EAGAIN after 5s).
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The driver is masked to prevent restart-loop spam.
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USB descriptors (manufacturer, product, serial) are readable via `lsusb -v` and
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`nut-scanner`, but the bulk control transfer for the full report descriptor
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times out. Likely causes:
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1. **USB hub** — the Tripp Lite is behind a Genesys Logic hub (`05e3:0608`).
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Try plugging directly into a motherboard USB port.
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2. **USB cable** — try a high-quality data cable (not charge-only).
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3. **UPS firmware** — the USB controller may not properly implement all HID
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endpoints.
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**To retry after physical reseat:**
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```bash
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# On pfv-tsys1:
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systemctl unmask nut-driver@tripp-lite-ups
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systemctl start nut-driver@tripp-lite-ups
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upsc tripp-lite-ups@localhost
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```
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## Architecture
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```
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pfv-tsys1 (192.168.3.11 / Tailscale 100.121.189.98)
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├─ APC Smart-UPS C 1500 ──┐
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└─ Tripp Lite UPS (masked) ──┤ USB HID
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▼
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nut-driver@apc-smartups-c1500 (usbhid-ups)
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▼
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upsd :3493 (LISTEN 127.0.0.1 + Tailscale + LAN)
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▼ ▼
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upsmon (local) Home Assistant (NUT integration)
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graceful shutdown via LAN 192.168.3.11 (HAOS can't
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route to Tailscale IPs)
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```
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- **Driver layer** — `usbhid-ups` process, pinned by USB serial. Debian uses
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templated `nut-driver@<upsname>.service` units managed by
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`nut-driver-enumerator`.
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- **Server layer** — `upsd` exposes UPS data on TCP 3493 (localhost + Tailscale
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+ LAN). Clients authenticate via `upsd.users`.
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- **Monitor layer** — `upsmon` runs locally as `master` to trigger
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`SHUTDOWNCMD` (`/sbin/shutdown -h now`) when a UPS reports `LOWBATT`.
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- **Home Assistant** — native NUT integration connects to `upsd` over Tailscale
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and exposes `ups.load`, `battery.runtime`, `ups.status`, etc. as sensors.
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### Key deployment lesson: udev must cover raw USB devices
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The `usbhid-ups` driver opens `/dev/bus/usb/BBB/DDD` (raw USB device files),
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**not** `/dev/hidraw*`. After calling `setuid(111)` to drop to the `nut` user,
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it needs write access to those raw USB files. The udev rule must match
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`SUBSYSTEM=="usb"` by vendor/product ID to set `GROUP="nut"` — matching only
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`hidraw` is insufficient. See `/etc/udev/rules.d/99-nut-ups.rules`.
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## Scripts
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NUT host scripts run on pfv-tsys1 via `tests/remote.sh`:
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```bash
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# Idempotent install + configure (safe to re-run):
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PROX_HOST=pfv-tsys1 bash tests/remote.sh prox-file ups/setup.sh
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# Discover USB UPS + NUT state (read-only diagnostic):
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PROX_HOST=pfv-tsys1 bash tests/remote.sh prox-file ups/discover.sh
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# Query UPS data + service health:
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PROX_HOST=pfv-tsys1 bash tests/remote.sh prox-file ups/status.sh
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```
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The HA integration script runs from your workstation (needs HA API access):
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```bash
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# Add the NUT integration to Home Assistant (idempotent):
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bash ups/setup-ha-nut.sh
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```
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`setup.sh` accepts environment overrides for serials/VIDs/PIDs/usernames, so it
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can be repurposed for other hosts or UPS units. Passwords for `monuser` and
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`homeassistant` are auto-generated on first run and reused on subsequent runs
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(stored in `/etc/nut/upsd.users`).
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Set `TRIPP_ENABLED=0` to skip the Tripp Lite entirely (useful if it's physically
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unplugged).
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## Configuration files on pfv-tsys1
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| File | Purpose |
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|------|---------|
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| `/etc/udev/rules.d/99-nut-ups.rules` | Grant nut group rw on raw USB + hidraw devices (both subsystems) |
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| `/etc/nut/ups.conf` | `usbhid-ups` device(s), pinned by serial + subdriver |
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| `/etc/nut/upsd.conf` | `LISTEN 127.0.0.1` + `LISTEN <tailscale>` + `LISTEN <lan>` on port 3493 |
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| `/etc/nut/upsd.users` | `monuser` (master) + `homeassistant` (read-only) credentials |
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| `/etc/nut/upsmon.conf` | Local master monitor + `SHUTDOWNCMD` |
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| `/etc/nut/nut.conf` | `MODE=netserver` |
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## Home Assistant integration
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The NUT integration is added automatically by `setup-ha-nut.sh`, which drives
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HA's REST config-flow API. It is idempotent (skips if the entry exists).
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```bash
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# Prerequisites: create token + password files (one-time):
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mkdir -p ~/.config/pfvcluster
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# HA → Profile → Long-Lived Access Tokens → Create Token:
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echo -n 'YOUR_HA_TOKEN' > ~/.config/pfvcluster/ha-token
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# Password is in /etc/nut/upsd.users on pfv-tsys1 (the homeassistant user):
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echo -n 'YOUR_NUT_PASS' > ~/.config/pfvcluster/nut-password
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chmod 600 ~/.config/pfvcluster/{ha-token,nut-password}
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# Run:
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bash ups/setup-ha-nut.sh
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```
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### Why LAN IP, not Tailscale
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upsd listens on **both** the Tailscale IP (`100.121.189.98`) **and** the LAN IP
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(`192.168.3.11`). The HA NUT integration uses the **LAN IP** because HAOS runs
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Tailscale as an isolated add-on container — the HA core container cannot route
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to Tailscale IPs. Since pfv-bms (HA, `192.168.3.12`) and pfv-tsys1 (`192.168.3.11`)
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share the same vmbr0 bridge, LAN connectivity is instant and reliable.
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### Manual UI alternative
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In Home Assistant → **Settings → Devices & Services → Add Integration → NUT**:
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| Field | Value |
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|-------|-------|
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| Host | `192.168.3.11` (LAN — HAOS can't reach Tailscale IPs from the HA container) |
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| Port | `3493` |
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| Username | `homeassistant` |
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| Password | *(stored in `/etc/nut/upsd.users` on pfv-tsys1)* |
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| UPS | `apc-smartups-c1500` |
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### Live sensors
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HA exposes UPS data as sensors (prefix `sensor.apc_smartups_c1500_`):
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`battery_charge`, `status` (Online/On Battery), `status_data` (OL/OB/DISCHRG).
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Additional sensors (load, runtime, voltage) populate as the UPS reports them.
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## Daily operations
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From pfv-tsys1 (or any tailnet host with NUT client installed):
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```bash
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# List UPS units served by upsd
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upsc -l pfv-tsys1
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# Full variable dump for one UPS
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upsc apc-smartups-c1500@pfv-tsys1
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# Battery runtime (the only runtime/charge data this UPS exposes)
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upsc apc-smartups-c1500@pfv-tsys1 battery.runtime
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```
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## Notes
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- **No USB passthrough to the HA VM.** Keeping the UPS on the host preserves
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hypervisor graceful-shutdown capability and matches the `powerman/` pattern
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(PDU managed on the host where the adapter physically lives).
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- **No `ups.load` / `ups.realpower` on this UPS (FW 02.2, mfg 2012):** The
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APC Smart-UPS C 1500 does not expose load or power data over USB HID.
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Both NUT `usbhid-ups` and `apcupsd` (USB mode, tested 2026-07-30) read the
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same HID descriptor — the variable simply isn't there. This means the HA
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NUT integration provides **battery/runtime/status sensors only**, not
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wattage for the Energy Dashboard.
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- **apcupsd test note:** Debian's `apcupsd` package conflicts with
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`nut-server` (mutually exclusive). apcupsd USB mode returned `COMMLOST`
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even before we could check load. The APC Smart Serial protocol (serial
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cable, AP940-1524C, ~$30) DOES report load%, but this requires a serial
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port on the UPS and on the host.
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- **Energy Dashboard path:** A smart plug (Shelly Plug S / TP-Link Kasa,
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~$15-25) on the UPS output reports real watts natively and feeds the
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Energy Dashboard with zero UPS-driver hacking. The NUT sensors remain
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valuable for outage detection and graceful-shutdown automations.
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