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Performance costs for some common operations
- Publishing an A-byte immutable file
- Publishing an A-byte mutable file
- Downloading B bytes of an A-byte immutable file
- Downloading B bytes of an A-byte mutable file
- Modifying B bytes of an A-byte mutable file
- Inserting/Removing B bytes in an A-byte mutable file
- Adding an entry to an A-entry directory
- Listing an A entry directory
- Checking an A-byte file
- Verifying an A-byte file (immutable)
- Repairing an A-byte file (mutable or immutable)
K indicates the number of shares required to reconstruct the file (default: 3)
N indicates the total number of shares produced (default: 10)
S indicates the segment size (default: 128 KiB)
A indicates the number of bytes in a file
B indicates the number of bytes of a file that are being read or written
G indicates the number of storage servers on your grid
Most of these cost estimates may have a further constant multiplier: when a formula says N/K*S, the cost may actually be 2*N/K*S or 3*N/K*S. Also note that all references to mutable files are for SDMF-formatted files; this document has not yet been updated to describe the MDMF format.
Publishing an A-byte immutable file
when the file is already uploaded
If the file is already uploaded with the exact same contents, same erasure coding parameters (K, N), and same added convergence secret, then it reads the whole file from disk one time while hashing it to compute the storage index, then contacts about N servers to ask each one to store a share. All of the servers reply that they already have a copy of that share, and the upload is done.
disk: A
cpu: ~A
network: ~N
memory footprint: S
when the file is not already uploaded
If the file is not already uploaded with the exact same contents, same erasure coding parameters (K, N), and same added convergence secret, then it reads the whole file from disk one time while hashing it to compute the storage index, then contacts about N servers to ask each one to store a share. Then it uploads each share to a storage server.
disk: 2*A
cpu: 2*~A
network: N/K*A
memory footprint: N/K*S
Publishing an A-byte mutable file
cpu: ~A + a large constant for RSA keypair generation
network: A
memory footprint: N/K*A
notes: Tahoe-LAFS generates a new RSA keypair for each mutable file that it publishes to a grid. This takes up to 1 or 2 seconds on a typical desktop PC.
Part of the process of encrypting, encoding, and uploading a mutable file to a Tahoe-LAFS grid requires that the entire file be in memory at once. For larger files, this may cause Tahoe-LAFS to have an unacceptably large memory footprint (at least when uploading a mutable file).
Downloading B bytes of an A-byte immutable file
cpu: ~B
network: B
notes: When Tahoe-LAFS 1.8.0 or later is asked to read an arbitrary range of an immutable file, only the S-byte segments that overlap the requested range will be downloaded.
(Earlier versions would download from the beginning of the file up until the end of the requested range, and then continue to download the rest of the file even after the request was satisfied.)
Downloading B bytes of an A-byte mutable file
cpu: ~A
network: A
memory footprint: A
notes: As currently implemented, mutable files must be downloaded in their entirety before any part of them can be read. We are exploring fixes for this; see ticket #393 for more information.
Modifying B bytes of an A-byte mutable file
cpu: ~A
network: A
memory footprint: N/K*A
notes: If you upload a changed version of a mutable file that you earlier put onto your grid with, say, 'tahoe put --mutable', Tahoe-LAFS will replace the old file with the new file on the grid, rather than attempting to modify only those portions of the file that have changed. Modifying a file in this manner is essentially uploading the file over again, except that it re-uses the existing RSA keypair instead of generating a new one.
Inserting/Removing B bytes in an A-byte mutable file
cpu: ~A
network: A
memory footprint: N/K*A
notes: Modifying any part of a mutable file in Tahoe-LAFS requires that the entire file be downloaded, modified, held in memory while it is encrypted and encoded, and then re-uploaded. A future version of the mutable file layout ("LDMF") may provide efficient inserts and deletes. Note that this sort of modification is mostly used internally for directories, and isn't something that the WUI, CLI, or other interfaces will do -- instead, they will simply overwrite the file to be modified, as described in "Modifying B bytes of an A-byte mutable file".
Adding an entry to an A-entry directory
cpu: ~A
network: ~A
memory footprint: N/K*~A
notes: In Tahoe-LAFS, directories are implemented as specialized mutable files. So adding an entry to a directory is essentially adding B (actually, 300-330) bytes somewhere in an existing mutable file.
Listing an A entry directory
cpu: ~A
network: ~A
memory footprint: N/K*~A
notes: Listing a directory requires that the mutable file storing the directory be downloaded from the grid. So listing an A entry directory requires downloading a (roughly) 330 * A byte mutable file, since each directory entry is about 300-330 bytes in size.
Checking an A-byte file
cpu: ~G
network: ~G
memory footprint: negligible
notes: To check a file, Tahoe-LAFS queries all the servers that it knows about. Note that neither of these values directly depend on the size of the file. This is relatively inexpensive, compared to the verify and repair operations.
Verifying an A-byte file (immutable)
cpu: ~N/K*A
network: N/K*A
memory footprint: N/K*S
notes: To verify a file, Tahoe-LAFS downloads all of the ciphertext shares that were originally uploaded to the grid and integrity checks them. This is (for grids with good redundancy) more expensive than downloading an A-byte file, since only a fraction of these shares would be necessary to recover the file.
Verifying an A-byte file (mutable)
cpu: ~N/K*A
network: N/K*A
memory footprint: N/K*A
notes: To verify a file, Tahoe-LAFS downloads all of the ciphertext shares that were originally uploaded to the grid and integrity checks them. This is (for grids with good redundancy) more expensive than downloading an A-byte file, since only a fraction of these shares would be necessary to recover the file.
Repairing an A-byte file (mutable or immutable)
cpu: variable, between ~A and ~N/K*A
network: variable; between A and N/K*A
memory footprint (immutable): (1+N/K)S (SDMF mutable): (1+N/K)A
notes: To repair a file, Tahoe-LAFS downloads the file, and generates/uploads missing shares in the same way as when it initially uploads the file. So, depending on how many shares are missing, this can cost as little as a download or as much as a download followed by a full upload.
Since SDMF files have only one segment, which must be processed in its entirety, repair requires a full-file download followed by a full-file upload.