corda/docs/source/clientrpc.rst

Interacting with a node

Overview

To interact with your node, you need to write a client in a JVM-compatible language using the CordaRPCClient class. This class allows you to connect to your node via a message queue protocol and provides a simple RPC interface for interacting with the node. You make calls on a JVM object as normal, and the marshalling back-and-forth is handled for you.

Warning

The built-in Corda test webserver is deprecated and unsuitable for production use. If you want to interact with your node via HTTP, you will need to stand up your own webserver that connects to your node using the CordaRPCClient class. You can find an example of how to do this using the popular Spring Boot server here.

Connecting to a node via RPC

To use CordaRPCClient, you must add net.corda:corda-rpc:$corda_release_version as a cordaCompile dependency in your client's build.gradle file.

CordaRPCClient has a start method that takes the node's RPC address and returns a CordaRPCConnection. CordaRPCConnection has a proxy method that takes an RPC username and password and returns a CordaRPCOps object that you can use to interact with the node.

Here is an example of using CordaRPCClient to connect to a node and log the current time on its internal clock:

example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/kotlin/ClientRpcExample.kt

example-code/src/main/java/net/corda/docs/java/ClientRpcExample.java

Warning

The returned CordaRPCConnection is somewhat expensive to create and consumes a small amount of server side resources. When you're done with it, call close on it. Alternatively you may use the use method on CordaRPCClient which cleans up automatically after the passed in lambda finishes. Don't create a new proxy for every call you make - reuse an existing one.

For further information on using the RPC API, see tutorial-clientrpc-api.

RPC permissions

For a node's owner to interact with their node via RPC, they must define one or more RPC users. Each user is authenticated with a username and password, and is assigned a set of permissions that control which RPC operations they can perform. Permissions are not required to interact with the node via the shell, unless the shell is being accessed via SSH.

RPC users are created by adding them to the rpcUsers list in the node's node.conf file:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[]
    },
    ...
]

By default, RPC users are not permissioned to perform any RPC operations.

Granting flow permissions

You provide an RPC user with the permission to start a specific flow using the syntax StartFlow.<fully qualified flow name>:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "StartFlow.net.corda.flows.ExampleFlow1",
            "StartFlow.net.corda.flows.ExampleFlow2"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

You can also provide an RPC user with the permission to start any flow using the syntax InvokeRpc.startFlow:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "InvokeRpc.startFlow"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

Granting other RPC permissions

You provide an RPC user with the permission to perform a specific RPC operation using the syntax InvokeRpc.<rpc method name>:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "InvokeRpc.nodeInfo",
            "InvokeRpc.networkMapSnapshot"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

Granting all permissions

You can provide an RPC user with the permission to perform any RPC operation (including starting any flow) using the ALL permission:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "ALL"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

RPC security management

Setting rpcUsers provides a simple way of granting RPC permissions to a fixed set of users, but has some obvious shortcomings. To support use cases aiming for higher security and flexibility, Corda offers additional security features such as:

• Fetching users credentials and permissions from an external data source (e.g.: a remote RDBMS), with optional in-memory caching. In particular, this allows credentials and permissions to be updated externally without requiring nodes to be restarted.
• Password stored in hash-encrypted form. This is regarded as must-have when security is a concern. Corda currently supports a flexible password hash format conforming to the Modular Crypt Format provided by the Apache Shiro framework

These features are controlled by a set of options nested in the security field of node.conf. The following example shows how to configure retrieval of users credentials and permissions from a remote database with passwords in hash-encrypted format and enable in-memory caching of users data:

security = {
    authService = {
        dataSource = {
            type = "DB"
            passwordEncryption = "SHIRO_1_CRYPT"
            connection = {
               jdbcUrl = "<jdbc connection string>"
               username = "<db username>"
               password = "<db user password>"
               driverClassName = "<JDBC driver>"
            }
        }
        options = {
             cache = {
                expireAfterSecs = 120
                maxEntries = 10000
             }
        }
    }
}

It is also possible to have a static list of users embedded in the security structure by specifying a dataSource of INMEMORY type:

security = {
    authService = {
        dataSource = {
            type = "INMEMORY"
            users = [
                {
                    username = "<username>"
                    password = "<password>"
                    permissions = ["<permission 1>", "<permission 2>", ...]
                },
                ...
            ]
        }
    }
}

Warning

A valid configuration cannot specify both the rpcUsers and security fields. Doing so will trigger an exception at node startup.

Authentication/authorisation data

The dataSource structure defines the data provider supplying credentials and permissions for users. There exist two supported types of such data source, identified by the dataSource.type field:

INMEMORY

A static list of user credentials and permissions specified by the users field.

DB

An external RDBMS accessed via the JDBC connection described by connection. Note that, unlike the INMEMORY case, in a user database permissions are assigned to roles rather than individual users. The current implementation expects the database to store data according to the following schema:

• Table users containing columns username and password. The username column must have unique values.
• Table user_roles containing columns username and role_name associating a user to a set of roles.
• Table roles_permissions containing columns role_name and permission associating a role to a set of permission strings.

Note

There is no prescription on the SQL type of each column (although our tests were conducted on username and role_name declared of SQL type VARCHAR and password of TEXT type). It is also possible to have extra columns in each table alongside the expected ones.

Password encryption

Storing passwords in plain text is discouraged in applications where security is critical. Passwords are assumed to be in plain format by default, unless a different format is specified by the passwordEncryption field, like:

passwordEncryption = SHIRO_1_CRYPT

SHIRO_1_CRYPT identifies the Apache Shiro fully reversible Modular Crypt Format, it is currently the only non-plain password hash-encryption format supported. Hash-encrypted passwords in this format can be produced by using the Apache Shiro Hasher command line tool.

Caching user accounts data

A cache layer on top of the external data source of users credentials and permissions can significantly improve performances in some cases, with the disadvantage of causing a (controllable) delay in picking up updates to the underlying data. Caching is disabled by default, it can be enabled by defining the options.cache field in security.authService, for example:

options = {
     cache = {
        expireAfterSecs = 120
        maxEntries = 10000
     }
}

This will enable a non-persistent cache contained in the node's memory with maximum number of entries set to maxEntries where entries are expired and refreshed after expireAfterSecs seconds.

Observables

The RPC system handles observables in a special way. When a method returns an observable, whether directly or as a sub-object of the response object graph, an observable is created on the client to match the one on the server. Objects emitted by the server-side observable are pushed onto a queue which is then drained by the client. The returned observable may even emit object graphs with even more observables in them, and it all works as you would expect.

This feature comes with a cost: the server must queue up objects emitted by the server-side observable until you download them. Note that the server side observation buffer is bounded, once it fills up the client is considered slow and will be disconnected. You are expected to subscribe to all the observables returned, otherwise client-side memory starts filling up as observations come in. If you don't want an observable then subscribe then unsubscribe immediately to clear the client-side buffers and to stop the server from streaming. For Kotlin users there is a convenience extension method called notUsed() which can be called on an observable to automate this step.

If your app quits then server side resources will be freed automatically.

Warning

If you leak an observable on the client side and it gets garbage collected, you will get a warning printed to the logs and the observable will be unsubscribed for you. But don't rely on this, as garbage collection is non-deterministic. If you set -Dnet.corda.client.rpc.trackRpcCallSites=true on the JVM command line then this warning comes with a stack trace showing where the RPC that returned the forgotten observable was called from. This feature is off by default because tracking RPC call sites is moderately slow.

Note

Observables can only be used as return arguments of an RPC call. It is not currently possible to pass Observables as parameters to the RPC methods. In other words the streaming is always server to client and not the other way around.

Futures

A method can also return a CordaFuture in its object graph and it will be treated in a similar manner to observables. Calling the cancel method on the future will unsubscribe it from any future value and release any resources.

Versioning

The client RPC protocol is versioned using the node's platform version number (see versioning). When a proxy is created the server is queried for its version, and you can specify your minimum requirement. Methods added in later versions are tagged with the @RPCSinceVersion annotation. If you try to use a method that the server isn't advertising support of, an UnsupportedOperationException is thrown. If you want to know the version of the server, just use the protocolVersion property (i.e. getProtocolVersion in Java).

The RPC client library defaults to requiring the platform version it was built with. That means if you use the client library released as part of Corda N, then the node it connects to must be of version N or above. This is checked when the client first connects. If you want to override this behaviour, you can alter the minimumServerProtocolVersion field in the CordaRPCClientConfiguration object passed to the client. Alternatively, just link your app against an older version of the library.

Thread safety

A proxy is thread safe, blocking, and allows multiple RPCs to be in flight at once. Any observables that are returned and you subscribe to will have objects emitted in order on a background thread pool. Each Observable stream is tied to a single thread, however note that two separate Observables may invoke their respective callbacks on different threads.

Error handling

If something goes wrong with the RPC infrastructure itself, an RPCException is thrown. If something goes wrong that needs a manual intervention to resolve (e.g. a configuration error), an UnrecoverableRPCException is thrown. If you call a method that requires a higher version of the protocol than the server supports, UnsupportedOperationException is thrown. Otherwise the behaviour depends on the devMode node configuration option.

If the server implementation throws an exception, that exception is serialised and rethrown on the client side as if it was thrown from inside the called RPC method. These exceptions can be caught as normal.

Reconnecting RPC clients

In the current version of Corda, an RPC client connected to a node stops functioning when the node becomes unavailable or the associated TCP connection is interrupted. Running RPC commands after this has happened will just throw exceptions. Any subscriptions to Observables that have been created before the disconnection will stop receiving events after the connection is re-established. RPC calls that have a side effect, such as starting flows, may or may not have executed on the node depending on when the client was disconnected.

It is the responsibility of application code to handle these errors and reconnect once the node is running again. The client will have to retrieve new Observables and re-subscribe to them in order to keep receiving updates. With regards to RPCs with side effects (e.g. flow invocations), the application code will have to inspect the state of the node to infer whether the call was executed on the server side (e.g. if the flow was executed or not) before retrying it.

You can make use of the options described below in order to take advantage of some automatic reconnection functionality that mitigates some of these issues.

Enabling automatic reconnection

If you provide a list of addresses via the haAddressPool argument when instantiating a CordaRPCClient, then automatic reconnection will be performed when the existing connection is dropped. However, the application code is responsible for waiting for the connection to be established again in order to perform any calls, retrieve new observables and re-subscribe to them. This can be done by doing a simple, side-effect free RPC call (e.g. nodeInfo).

Note

Any RPC calls that had not been acknowledged to the RPC client from the node at the point the disconnection happened, they will fail with a ConnectionFailureException. It is important to note this does not mean the node did not execute the RPC calls, it only means the completion was not acknowledged. As described above, application code will have to check after the connection is re-established to determine whether these calls were actually executed. Any observables that were returned before the disconnection will call the onError handlers.

Enabling graceful reconnection

A more graceful form of reconnection is also available. This will:

• reconnect any existing Observables after a reconnection, so that they keep emitting events to the existing subscriptions.
• block any RPC calls that arrive during a reconnection or any RPC calls that were not acknowledged at the point of reconnection and will execute them after the connection is re-established.

More specifically, the behaviour in the second case is a bit more subtle:

• Any RPC calls that do not have any side-effects (e.g. nodeInfo) will be retried automatically across reconnections. This will work transparently for application code that will not be able to determine whether there was a reconnection. These RPC calls will remain blocked during a reconnection and will return successfully after the connection has been re-established.
• Any RPC calls that do have side-effects, such as the ones invoking flows (e.g. startFlow), will not be retried and they will fail with CouldNotStartFlowException. This is done in order to avoid duplicate invocations of a flow, thus providing at-most-once guarantees. Application code is responsible for determining whether the flow needs to be retried and retrying it, if needed.

Warning

In this approach, some events might be lost during a reconnection and not sent from the subscribed Observables.

You can enable this graceful form of reconnection by using the gracefulReconnect parameter, which is an object containing 3 optional fields:

• onDisconnect: A callback handler that will be invoked every time the connection is disconnected.
• onReconnect: A callback handler that will be invoked every time the connection is established again after a disconnection.
• maxAttempts: The maximum number of attempts that will be performed per RPC operation. A negative value implies infinite retries. The default value is 5.

This can be used in the following way:

val gracefulReconnect = GracefulReconnect(onDisconnect={/*insert disconnect handling*/}, onReconnect{/*insert reconnect handling*/}, maxAttempts = 3)
val cordaClient = CordaRPCClient(nodeRpcAddress)
val cordaRpcOps = cordaClient.start(rpcUserName, rpcUserPassword, gracefulReconnect = gracefulReconnect).proxy

private void onDisconnect() {
    // Insert implementation
}

private void onReconnect() {
    // Insert implementation
}

void method() {
    GracefulReconnect gracefulReconnect = new GracefulReconnect(this::onDisconnect, this::onReconnect, 3);
    CordaRPCClient cordaClient = new CordaRPCClient(nodeRpcAddress);
    CordaRPCConnection cordaRpcOps = cordaClient.start(rpcUserName, rpcUserPassword, gracefulReconnect);
}

Retrying flow invocations

As implied above, when graceful reconnection is enabled, flow invocations will not be retried across reconnections to avoid duplicate invocations. This retrying can be done from the application code after checking whether the flow was triggered previously by inspecting whether its side-effects have taken place. A simplified, sample skeleton of such code could look like the following code:

fun runFlowWithRetries(client: CordaRPCOps) {
    try {
        client.startFlowDynamic(...)
    } catch (exception: CouldNotStartFlowException) {
        if (!wasFlowTriggered()) {
            runFlowWithRetries(client)
        }
    }
}

void runFlowWithRetries(CordaRPCOps client) {
    try {
        client.startFlowDynamic(...);
    } catch (CouldNotStartFlowException exception) {
        if (!wasFlowTriggered()) {
            runFlowWithRetries(client);
        }
    }
}

The logic of the wasFlowTriggered() function is naturally dependent on the flow logic, so it can differ per use-case.

Warning

This approach provides at-least-once guarantees. It cannot provide exactly-once guarantees, because of race conditions between the moment the check is performed and the moment the side-effects of the flow become visible.

Wire security

If TLS communications to the RPC endpoint are required the node should be configured with rpcSettings.useSSL=true see corda-configuration-file. The node admin should then create a node specific RPC certificate and key, by running the node once with generate-rpc-ssl-settings command specified (see node-commandline). The generated RPC TLS trust root certificate will be exported to a certificates/export/rpcssltruststore.jks file which should be distributed to the authorised RPC clients.

The connecting CordaRPCClient code must then use one of the constructors with a parameter of type ClientRpcSslOptions (JavaDoc) and set this constructor argument with the appropriate path for the rpcssltruststore.jks file. The client connection will then use this to validate the RPC server handshake.

Note that RPC TLS does not use mutual authentication, and delegates fine grained user authentication and authorisation to the RPC security features detailed above.

Whitelisting classes with the Corda node

CorDapps must whitelist any classes used over RPC with Corda's serialization framework, unless they are whitelisted by default in DefaultWhitelist. The whitelisting is done either via the plugin architecture or by using the @CordaSerializable annotation. See serialization. An example is shown in tutorial-clientrpc-api.