corda/docs/source/api-states.rst

API: States

Note

Before reading this page, you should be familiar with the key concepts of key-concepts-states.

ContractState

In Corda, states are classes that implement ContractState. The ContractState interface is defined as follows:

../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/Structures.kt

Where:

• contract is the Contract class defining the constraints on transactions involving states of this type
• participants is a List of the AbstractParty who are considered to have a stake in the state. For example, all the participants will:
  • Need to sign a notary-change transaction for this state
  • Receive any committed transactions involving this state as part of FinalityFlow

The vault

Each node has a vault, where it stores the states that are "relevant" to the node's owner. Whenever the node sees a new transaction, it performs a relevancy check to decide whether to add each of the transaction's output states to its vault. The default vault implementation decides whether a state is relevant as follows:

• The vault will store any state for which it is one of the participants
• This behavior is overridden for states that implement LinearState or OwnableState (see below)

If a state is not considered relevant, the node will still store the transaction in its local storage, but it will not track the transaction's states in its vault.

ContractState sub-interfaces

There are two common optional sub-interfaces of ContractState:

• LinearState, which helps represent objects that have a constant identity over time
• OwnableState, which helps represent fungible assets

For example, a cash is an OwnableState - you don't have a specific piece of cash you are tracking over time, but rather a total amount of cash that you can combine and divide at will. A contract, on the other hand, cannot be merged with other contracts of the same type - it has a unique separate identity over time.

We can picture the hierarchy as follows:

LinearState

LinearState models facts that have a constant identity over time. Remember that in Corda, states are immutable and can't be updated directly. Instead, we represent an evolving fact as a sequence of states where every state is a LinearState that shares the same linearId. Each sequence of linear states represents the lifecycle of a given fact up to the current point in time. It represents the historic audit trail of how the fact evolved over time to its current "state".

The LinearState interface is defined as follows:

../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/Structures.kt

Where:

• linearId is a UniqueIdentifier that:
  • Allows the successive versions of the fact to be linked over time
  • Provides an externalId for referencing the state in external systems
• isRelevant(ourKeys: Set<PublicKey>) overrides the default vault implementation's relevancy check. You would generally override it to check whether ourKeys is relevant to the state at hand in some way.

The vault tracks the head (i.e. the most recent version) of each LinearState chain (i.e. each sequence of states all sharing a linearId). To create a transaction updating a LinearState, we retrieve the state from the vault using its linearId.

UniqueIdentifier

UniqueIdentifier is a combination of a (Java) UUID representing a globally unique 128 bit random number, and an arbitrary string which can be paired with it. For instance the string may represent an existing "weak" (not guaranteed unique) identifier for convenience purposes.

OwnableState

OwnableState models fungible assets. Fungible assets are assets for which it's the total amount held that is important, rather than the actual units held. US dollars are an example of a fungible asset - we do not track the individual dollar bills held, but rather the total amount of dollars.

The OwnableState interface is defined as follows:

../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/Structures.kt

Where:

• owner is the PublicKey of the asset's owner
  • OwnableState also override the default behavior of the vault's relevancy check. The default vault implementation will track any OwnableState of which it is the owner.
• withNewOwner(newOwner: AbstractParty) creates an identical copy of the state, only with a new owner

Other interfaces

ContractState has several more sub-interfaces that can optionally be implemented:

• QueryableState, which allows the state to be queried in the node's database using SQL (see api-persistence)
• SchedulableState, which allows us to schedule future actions for the state (e.g. a coupon on a bond) (see event-scheduling)

User-defined fields

Beyond implementing LinearState or OwnableState, the definition of the state is up to the CorDapp developer. You can define any additional class fields and methods you see fit.

For example, here is a relatively complex state definition, for a state representing cash:

../../finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/contracts/asset/Cash.kt

TransactionState

When a ContractState is added to a TransactionBuilder, it is wrapped in a TransactionState:

../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/Structures.kt

Where:

• data is the state to be stored on-ledger
• notary is the notary service for this state
• encumbrance points to another state that must also appear as an input to any transaction consuming this state