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Lab Safety Guidelines </h1>
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<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><ul><li>In case of an emergency, remember that ECE labs have emergency contact and other phone numbers posted near the lab door.  Every ECE lab has a small first-aid kit near the lab entrance.</li>
<li>Report accidents and injuries immediately to T.A. and instructors.</li>
<li>There should always be more than one person in the departments Power Systems lab.</li>
<li>Wear safety glasses when cutting wires, trimming component leads and soldering.</li>
<li>If you are new to soldering, look at several of the many tutorials on soldering on YouTube:
<ul><li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qps9woUGkvI" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qps9woUGkvI</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5Sb21qbpEQ" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5Sb21qbpEQ</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYz5nIHH0iY" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYz5nIHH0iY</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Do not touch the tip of a soldering iron to find out if it is hot.</li>
<li>Do not melt a ball of solder on the soldering iron tip and then move the tip over to the joint you want to solder.  If the ball of solder drops, you will have molten droplets of solder splattering.</li>
<li>When soldering, use a fume extractor to remove and filter the fumes.  Here is a YouTube video on solder fumes: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVaN3vTXY9E" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVaN3vTXY9E</a>.  </li>
<li>Some oscilloscope inputs are floating, meaning they are completely isolated from the mains power supply.   For these oscilloscopes one can safely make measurements on the main power supply. Other oscilloscopes may have their ground connection connected to the mains power supply.  Consequently, one has to be very careful with these oscilloscopes when making measurements on the main power supply, otherwise one may inadvertently create a short.  For a particular oscilloscope one may not know how the oscilloscope ground is connected, so a good rule to follow is to avoid making measurements on the mains power supply with an oscilloscope.   The safest method is to us an isolation transformer.</li>
<li>Always wear shoes, make sure shoes have not slip soles.</li>
<li>Some components can explode, burst into flames and get hot, so be careful
<ul><li>Electrolytic capacitors are polarized, which means they have a “++ side and a “-“ side.  They can burst open or even explode when they are place in a circuit incorrectly.  See for example:<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnPQCZ0Sfsg" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnPQCZ0Sfsg</a>.  Tantalum electrolytic capacitors (if used incorrectly) can cause fire.  See <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW0a9d_vWoc" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW0a9d_vWoc</a>. </li>
<li>Never exceed the voltage rating for electrolytic capacitors, as they may explode.  See for example <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WheLp0RdLQ" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WheLp0RdLQ</a></li>
<li>Some LEDs can “pop” or burst open and even catch fire if they are used without current-limiting resistors or the current-limiting resistor is too small.  See <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXEZtePxa0U" target="_blank">www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXEZtePxa0U</a></li>
<li>Some components in a circuit can get quite hot even though they are functioning properly.  For example, linear voltage regulator ICs is often bolted to heat sink to cool them down.  Without a heat sink some of these ICs will get hot enough to cause severe burns.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><p>Version 1.1</p>
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<title>ESE171: Lab Safety</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">&nbsp;</p>
<center>
<i><font size=+2><a href="http://www.seas.upenn.edu"><b>UNIVERSITY of PENNSYLVANIA</b></a></font></i>
<br>
<font size=+2><a href="http://www.ese.upenn.edu"><b>Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering</b></a></font>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0"><font size=+2><b>ESE171: Principles of Digital Design Laboratory</b></font>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><font size=+2>Spring 2015</font>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">&nbsp;</p>
<hr>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><font size=+2><b>Lab Safety</b></font></p>
</center>
<br>
<b>Acquaint yourself with the location of the following safety items within
the lab.</b>
<br>&nbsp;
<ol>
<li>
&nbsp;Fire extinguisher</li>
<li>
&nbsp;First aid kit</li>
<li>
&nbsp;Telephone and emergency numbers : Make sure that you have handy emergency
phone numbers to call for assistance if necessary. The number for&nbsp;
emergencies is on campus is <b>511</b>. (No need to dial 8 for this number).
If any safety questions arise, consult the lab instructor or staff for
guidance and instructions.</li>
</ol>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><br>Observing proper safety precautions is important when working in
the laboratory to prevent harm to yourself or others. The most common hazard
is the electric shock which can be fatal if one is not careful.
<h3>
<font size=+3>Electric shock</font></h3>
Shock is caused by passing an electric current through the human body.
The severity depends mainly on the amount of current and is less function
of the applied voltage. The threshold of electric shock is about 1 mA which
usually gives an unpleasant tingling. For currents above 10 mA, severe
muscle pain occurs and the victim can't let go of the conductor due to
muscle spasm. Current between 100 mA and 200 mA (60 Hz AC) causes ventricular
fibrillation of the heart and is most likely to be lethal.
<p style="margin-bottom: 0">What is the voltage required for a fatal current to flow? This depends
on the skin resistance. Wet skin can have a resistance as low as 150 Ohm
and dry skin may have a resistance of 15 kohm. Arms and legs have a resistance
of about 100 Ohm and the trunk 200 Ohm. This implies that 110 V can cause
about 160 mA to flow in the body if the skin is wet and thus be fatal.
In addition skin resistance falls quickly at the point of contact, so it
is important to break the contact as quickly as possible to prevent the
current from rising to lethal levels.
<p style="margin-top: 0;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><font size=+2>Equipment grounding</font>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">Electric instruments and appliances have equipment cases that are electrically
insulated from the wires that carry the power. The isolation is provided
by the insulation of the wires as shown in the figure a below. However,
if the wire insulation gets damaged and makes contact to the case, the
case will be at the high voltage supplied by the wires. If the user touches
the instrument he or she will feel the high voltage. If, while standing
on a wet floor, a user simultaneously comes in contact with the instrument
case and a pipe or faucet connected to ground, a sizable current can flow
through him or her, as shown in Figure b. However, if the case is connected
to the ground by use of a third (ground) wire, the current will flow from
the hot wire directly to the ground and bypass the user as illustrated
in figure c.
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<center><img SRC="shock.gif" ALT="shockimage" BORDER=0 height=331 width=423></center>
Equipment with a three wire cord is thus much safer to use. The ground
wire (3rd wire) which is connected to metal case, is also connected to
the earth ground (usually a pipe or bar in the ground) through the wall
plug outlet.
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><b><font size=+3>Safety Precautions</font></b>
<br>&nbsp;
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<li>
-Do not work alone while working with high voltages or if you are using
electrically operated machinary like a drill.</li>
<li>
-Never leave high voltages on when you are not present.</li>
<li>
-Keep one hand in your pocket when probing high voltage circuits or discharging
capacitors.</li>
<li>
-Make sure all high voltage connections are adequately taped or otherwise
insulated to prevent accidental contact by you or neighboring students.</li>
<li>
&nbsp;-After switching power off, discharge any capacitors that were in
the circuit. Do not trust supposedly discharged capacitors. Certain types
of capacitors can&nbsp; build up a residual charge after being discharged.
Use a shorting bar across the capacitor, and keep it connected until ready
for use.</li>
<li>
-If you use electrolytic capacitors, do not</li>
<li>
<ul>
<li>
put excessive voltage across them</li>
<li>
put ac across them</li>
<li>
connect them in reverse polarity</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
-Take extreme care&nbsp; using tools that can cause short circuits if accidental
contact is made to other circuit elements. Only tools with insulated handles
should be used.</li>
<li>
-If a person comes in contact with a high voltage, immediately shut off
power. Do not attempt to remove a person in contact with a high voltage
unless you are insulated from them.</li>
<li>
-In the event of an electrical fire do not use water. The lab fire extinguishers
are specifically charged for electrical fires. Vacate the lab and close
the door. Do not breath toxic smoke or fumes. Ring the fire alarm, if one
is available.</li>
<li>
&nbsp;-Check wire current carrying capacity if you will be using high currents.
The lab power wiring can only handle 15 Amperes continuously.</li>
<li>
-Make sure your leads are rated to withstand the voltages you are using.
This includes instrument leads.&nbsp; Common wire insulation is rated for
600 Volts.</li>
<li>
-Avoid simultaneous touching of any metal chassis used as an enclosure
for your circuits and any pipes in the laboratory that may make contact
with the earth, such as a water pipe. Use a floating voltmeter to measure
the voltage from ground to the chassis to see if a hazardous potential
difference exists.</li>
<li>
-Make sure that the lab instruments are at ground potential by using the
ground terminal supplied on the instrument.</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;">&nbsp;</p>
<hr>
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**Lab Safety**
**Acquaint yourself with the location of the following safety items
within the lab.**
 
1.  Fire extinguisher
2.  First aid kit
3.  Telephone and emergency numbers : Make sure that you have handy
emergency phone numbers to call for assistance if necessary. The
number for  emergencies is on campus is **511**. (No need to dial 8
for this number). If any safety questions arise, consult the lab
instructor or staff for guidance and instructions.
\
Observing proper safety precautions is important when working in the
laboratory to prevent harm to yourself or others. The most common hazard
is the electric shock which can be fatal if one is not careful.
### Electric shock
Shock is caused by passing an electric current through the human body.
The severity depends mainly on the amount of current and is less
function of the applied voltage. The threshold of electric shock is
about 1 mA which usually gives an unpleasant tingling. For currents
above 10 mA, severe muscle pain occurs and the victim can\'t let go of
the conductor due to muscle spasm. Current between 100 mA and 200 mA (60
Hz AC) causes ventricular fibrillation of the heart and is most likely
to be lethal.
What is the voltage required for a fatal current to flow? This depends
on the skin resistance. Wet skin can have a resistance as low as 150 Ohm
and dry skin may have a resistance of 15 kohm. Arms and legs have a
resistance of about 100 Ohm and the trunk 200 Ohm. This implies that 110
V can cause about 160 mA to flow in the body if the skin is wet and thus
be fatal. In addition skin resistance falls quickly at the point of
contact, so it is important to break the contact as quickly as possible
to prevent the current from rising to lethal levels.
 
Equipment grounding
Electric instruments and appliances have equipment cases that are
electrically insulated from the wires that carry the power. The
isolation is provided by the insulation of the wires as shown in the
figure a below. However, if the wire insulation gets damaged and makes
contact to the case, the case will be at the high voltage supplied by
the wires. If the user touches the instrument he or she will feel the
high voltage. If, while standing on a wet floor, a user simultaneously
comes in contact with the instrument case and a pipe or faucet connected
to ground, a sizable current can flow through him or her, as shown in
Figure b. However, if the case is connected to the ground by use of a
third (ground) wire, the current will flow from the hot wire directly to
the ground and bypass the user as illustrated in figure c.
![shockimage](shock.gif){width="423" height="331"}
Equipment with a three wire cord is thus much safer to use. The ground
wire (3rd wire) which is connected to metal case, is also connected to
the earth ground (usually a pipe or bar in the ground) through the wall
plug outlet.
**Safety Precautions**\
 
- -Do not work alone while working with high voltages or if you are
using electrically operated machinary like a drill.
- -Never leave high voltages on when you are not present.
- -Keep one hand in your pocket when probing high voltage circuits or
discharging capacitors.
- -Make sure all high voltage connections are adequately taped or
otherwise insulated to prevent accidental contact by you or
neighboring students.
-  -After switching power off, discharge any capacitors that were in
the circuit. Do not trust supposedly discharged capacitors. Certain
types of capacitors can  build up a residual charge after being
discharged. Use a shorting bar across the capacitor, and keep it
connected until ready for use.
- -If you use electrolytic capacitors, do not
- - put excessive voltage across them
- put ac across them
- connect them in reverse polarity
- -Take extreme care  using tools that can cause short circuits if
accidental contact is made to other circuit elements. Only tools
with insulated handles should be used.
- -If a person comes in contact with a high voltage, immediately shut
off power. Do not attempt to remove a person in contact with a high
voltage unless you are insulated from them.
- -In the event of an electrical fire do not use water. The lab fire
extinguishers are specifically charged for electrical fires. Vacate
the lab and close the door. Do not breath toxic smoke or fumes. Ring
the fire alarm, if one is available.
-  -Check wire current carrying capacity if you will be using high
currents. The lab power wiring can only handle 15 Amperes
continuously.
- -Make sure your leads are rated to withstand the voltages you are
using. This includes instrument leads.  Common wire insulation is
rated for 600 Volts.
- -Avoid simultaneous touching of any metal chassis used as an
enclosure for your circuits and any pipes in the laboratory that may
make contact with the earth, such as a water pipe. Use a floating
voltmeter to measure the voltage from ground to the chassis to see
if a hazardous potential difference exists.
- -Make sure that the lab instruments are at ground potential by using
the ground terminal supplied on the instrument.

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# TSYS Shop Manual
## Introduction
Welcome to the TSYS Shop. TSYS Group has built the shop to further it's various components R&D operations. In the spirit of giving back, it makes the shop available
on an invite only basis to members of the community under a mix of free, (low/at)cost, for-profit basis.
This manual covers everything related to the shop and is the definitive policy/procedure/process guide for all shop operations.
All users of the shop must read the manual in it's entirety before utilzing any of the shop resources.
## Safety
### Sources
* https://www.engr.colostate.edu/ECE462/ECE462_motor%20lab_Appendix.pdf
* https://ece.engineering.uiowa.edu/resources/lab-safety-guidelines
* https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.266AppA
* https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ese171/general/safety.html
* https://ehs.uconn.edu/emergency/lab-accidentfirst-aid-information/#
### Overview
**Acquaint yourself with the location of the following safety items
within the shop.**
* Fire extinguisher (located by roll up garage door)
* First aid kit (located by roll up garage door) (next to fire extinguisher)
* Telephone and emergency numbers : They are located in a laminated contact sheet
above the work bench by the back door of the garage (right above the cordless phone)
The number for emergencies in the lab (or anywhere on TSYS grounds) is **511**. (No need to dial 9 for this number).
* Please do not call 911 from your cellular phone, as this will delay emergency response. Please use the cordless phone in the shop.
* If any safety questions arise, consult the senior management team / most senir manager on site for guidance and instructions.
Observing proper safety precautions is important when working in the
shop to prevent harm to yourself or others. The most common hazard
is electric shock which can be fatal if one is not careful.
### Electric shock
Shock is caused by passing an electric current through the human body.
The severity depends mainly on the amount of current and is less
a function of the applied voltage.
The threshold of electric shock is about 1 mA which usually gives an unpleasant tingling. For currents above 10 mA, severe muscle pain occurs and the victim
can't let go of the conductor due to muscle spasm.
Current between 100 mA and 200 mA (60 Hz AC) causes ventricular fibrillation of the heart and is most likely to be lethal.
What is the voltage required for a fatal current to flow? This depends
on the skin resistance. Wet skin can have a resistance as low as 150 Ohm
and dry skin may have a resistance of 15 kohm. Arms and legs have a
resistance of about 100 Ohm and the trunk 200 Ohm. This implies that 110
V can cause about 160 mA to flow in the body if the skin is wet and thus
be fatal. In addition skin resistance falls quickly at the point of
contact, so it is important to break the contact as quickly as possible
to prevent the current from rising to lethal levels.
### Equipment grounding
Electric instruments and appliances have equipment cases that are
electrically insulated from the wires that carry the power. The
isolation is provided by the insulation of the wires as shown in the
figure a below. However, if the wire insulation gets damaged and makes
contact to the case, the case will be at the high voltage supplied by
the wires. If the user touches the instrument he or she will feel the
high voltage. If, while standing on a wet floor, a user simultaneously
comes in contact with the instrument case and a pipe or faucet connected
to ground, a sizable current can flow through him or her, as shown in
Figure b. However, if the case is connected to the ground by use of a
third (ground) wire, the current will flow from the hot wire directly to
the ground and bypass the user as illustrated in figure c.
![shockimage](shock.gif){width="423" height="331"}
Equipment with a three wire cord is thus much safer to use. The ground
wire (3rd wire) which is connected to metal case, is also connected to
the earth ground (usually a pipe or bar in the ground) through the wall
plug outlet.
### **Safety Precautions**
* Do not work alone while working with high voltages or if you are
using electrically operated machinary like a drill.
* Never leave high voltages on when you are not present.
* Never leave anything with a switch on when you are not present (with exception of overhead lights if leaving for a short time)
* Keep one hand in your pocket when probing high voltage circuits or discharging capacitors.
* Make sure all high voltage connections are adequately taped or otherwise insulated to prevent accidental contact by you or neighboring personnel.
* After switching power off, discharge any capacitors that were in the circuit. Do not trust supposedly discharged capacitors. Certain types of capacitors can  build up a residual charge after being discharged. Use a shorting bar across the capacitor, and keep it connected until ready for use.
* If you use electrolytic capacitors, do not:
* put excessive voltage across them
* put ac across them
* connect them in reverse polarity
* Take extreme care  using tools that can cause short circuits if accidental contact is made to other circuit elements. Only tools with insulated handles should be used.
* If a person comes in contact with a high voltage, immediately shut off power. You can use the master power switches by the back door of the shop. Do not attempt to remove a person in contact with a high voltage unless you are insulated from them.
* In the event of an electrical fire :
* do not use water. The shop fire extinguishers are specifically charged for electrical fires.
* Turn off the master power switches and vacate the shop (using an exit not in path of the fire) and close the doors. If safe todo so, use the cordless phone to dial 511 (and take the phone with you as you exit)
* Do not breath toxic smoke or fumes.
* Check wire current carrying capacity if you will be using high currents. The shop power wiring can only handle 15 Amperes continuously.
* Make sure your leads are rated to withstand the voltages you are using. This includes instrument leads.  Common wire insulation is rated for 600 Volts.
* Avoid simultaneous touching of any metal chassis used as an enclosure for your circuits and any pipes in the shop that may make contact with the earth, such as a water pipe. Use a floating voltmeter to measure the voltage from ground to the chassis to see if a hazardous potential difference exists.
* Make sure that the shop instruments are at ground potential by using the ground terminal supplied on the instrument.
## Shop Inventory
## Shop Capabilities

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