capture to git

UKHAS 2016 Conference References Extended.txt

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+Original refrences from Dan Bowen's 2011 talk ([01]-[14]), extended by Richard Meadows 2016
+
+[00] University of Minnesota: Progress Report on High Altitude Plastic Balloons. 1952.pdf
+[01] J. K. ANGELL and D. H. PACK, “ANALYSIS OF SOME PRELIMINARY LOW-LEVEL CONSTANT LEVEL BALLOON (TETROON) FLIGHTS,” MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 235-248, Apr. 1960.pdf
+[02] D. Booker and L. W. Cooper, “Superpressure Balloons for Weather Research,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 4, pp. 122–129, 1965.
+[03] N. J. Cherry, “Characteristics and Performance of Three Low-Cost Superpressure Balloon (Tetroon) Systems,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 982-990, 1971.pdf
+[04] J. H. Hirsch and D. R. Booker, “Response of Superpressure Balloons to Vertical Air Motions,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 5, no. April, pp. 226-229, 1966.pdf
+[05] W. H. Hoecker, “A Computer Program for Calculating Tetroon Inflation-Factor Nomographs,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 949-954, 1981.pdf
+[06] W. H. Hoecker, “A Universal Procedure for Deploying Constant-Volume Balloons and for Deriving Vertical Air Speeds from Them,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 14, no. September, pp. 1118-1124, 1975.pdf
+[07] V. E. Lally and NCAR, “Superpressure Balloons for Horizontal Soundings of the Atmosphere,” NCAR, 0, 1967.pdf
+[08] N. Levanon, R. A. Oehlkers, S. D. Ellington, and W. J. Massman, “On the Behavior of Superpressure Balloons at 150 mb,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 13, no. June, pp. 494-504, 1974.pdf
+[09] P. Morel and W. Bandeen, “the EOLE experiments: early results and current objectives,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 298-304, 1973.pdf
+[10] P. Morel, J. Fourrier, and P. Sitbon, 1968: The Occurrence of Icing on Constant Level Balloons. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 626–634.pdf
+[11] P. G. Scott, T. M. Lew, J. S. Wilbeck, J. L. Rand, and R. H. Brezinskv, “Long Duration Balloon Technology Survey,” Huntsville, 1996.pdf
+[12] M. S. Smith and E. L. Rainwater, “OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SUPERPRESSURE BALLOONS,” Sulpher Springs, 2002.pdf
+[13] TWERLE Team, “The TWERLE Experiment,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 936-948, 1977.pdf
+[14] P. B. Voss, “Advances in Controlled Meteorological(CMET) Balloon Systems,” no. May. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Suite 500 Reston VA 20191-4344 USA,, pp. 1-5, 2009.pdf
+[15] G. D. Nastrom: The Response of Superpressure Balloons to Gravity Waves. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 19, 1013–1019. 1980.pdf
+[16] Geoffrey A. Landis: Low-altitude Exploration of the Venus Atmosphere by Balloon. 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando FL, January 6-9 2010.pdf
+[17] M. KEIL, Met Office, Exeter, UK: Assimilating data from a simulated global constellation of stratospheric balloons. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130, pp. 2475–2493. 2004.pdf
+[18] THE CONCORDIASI PROJECT OVER ANTARCTICA DURING THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR (IPY). 2008.pdf
+[19] Global Aerospace Corporation: Global Constellation of Stratospheric Scientific Platforms. Phase II Final Report. November 2002.pdf
+[20] M. Pagitz and S. Pellegrino: Shape Optimization of “Pumpkin” Balloons. 2007.pdf
+[21] L. A. Grass: Superpressure Balloon for Constant Level Flight. 1963.pdf
+[22] JUSTIN H. SMALLEY: Balloon Shapes and Stresses Below the Design Altitude. December 1966.pdf
+[23] Kumar et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA-THIN POLYETHYLENE BALLOONS FOR HIGH ALTITUDE RESEARCH UPTO MESOSPHERE. 2014.pdf
+[24] Frank Baginski, Michael Barg and William Collier: EXISTENCE THEOREMS FOR THIN INFLATED WRINKLED MEMBRANES SUBJECTED TO A HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. 2006.pdf
+[25] Henry M. Cathey, Jr. and David L. Pierce: Development of the NASA Ultra-Long Duration Balloon. 2007.pdf
+[26] NCAR Technical Note 19: Low Modulus Strain Gages Stress Analysis of Balloon Structures. July 1966.pdf
+[27] NCAR Technical Note 21, Harold L. Baker: Balloon Stress Band Analysis. September 1966.pdf
+
+Dan Bowen's 2011 talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtfJuTvaHxo
+Also Dan Bowen's 2012 talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxkZViG4yoc&feature=youtu.be
+
+Richard Meadows's 2016 talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQJAjDEq5AA&t=5h03m16s
+https://github.com/richardeoin/a-quick-guide
+
+Vince Lally's papers are archived here: https://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/archives%3Avinlally?display=list

a-quick-guide.tex

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+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\title[Small superpressure]{A quick guide to small superpressure}
+\subtitle{\url{https://github.com/richardeoin/a-quick-guide}}
+\author{Richard Meadows}
+\institute{UKHAS Conference 2016}
+\date{}
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \titlepage
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}{Superpressure is.. }
+
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
+      \begin{itemize}
+      \item Gas sealed within the envelope.
+        %% if the balloon is to do anything useful, this gas will end
+        %% up at a higher pressure than the surrounding air - hence
+        %% the name
+      \item Envelope is intended to be inelastic.
+        %% that is, the envelope will stop stretching and become
+        %% stable, The resut of this is that the balloon remains at a
+        %% particular density-altitude.
+
+      \end{itemize}
+
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
+      \begin{figure}[!ht]
+        %% image of lally balloon
+        \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{lally_1967_balloon.png}
+        \caption{GHOST Balloon, Lally 1967}
+
+        %% this image is from when first
+      \end{figure}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Can Amateurs do this too?}
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Yes!
+  \item See also Dan Bowen at \href{https://ukhas.org.uk/general:ukhasconference}{UKHAS 2011}.
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+      \begin{figure}[!ht]
+        %% ubseds6
+        \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{ubseds6_altitude_plot.png}
+        \caption{UBSEDS6, 7th June 2015}
+      \end{figure}
+
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+      \begin{figure}[!ht]
+        %% image of b-64
+        \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{B-64-all.jpg}
+        \caption{B-64, Leo Bodnar 2014}
+      \end{figure}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+
+  % Multi-day flights with small envelopes (1-2 meters on the longest axis).
+  % Leo flight -- 134 days
+
+  %% go back and check Dan's presentation too - I haven't got time to
+  %% return to everything he discussed.
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%% What does one look like in flight?
+
+\begin{frame}{In Flight}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    %% image of ubseds20
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{UBSEDL_2016-08-29T10-24-37_3.png}
+    \caption{UBSEDS20 balloon at 12.5km float, 29th August 2016}
+  \end{figure}
+
+  %% lots of people here contributed to this image..
+
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}{Floating}
+
+  % Floating - what does this mean?
+  % calcualate density
+
+  Float when:
+
+  \[
+    \text{Atmospheric Density} = \text{System Density} = {\frac{\Sigma{m}}{V}}
+  \]
+
+  %% we can assume that the payload has no volume, and the same for
+  %% the material that makes the balloon.
+
+  However, the balloon envelope stretches somewhat:
+  % Envelope isn't perfectly inelastic
+
+  \[
+    V = V_{initial}\times\Gamma
+  \]
+
+  %% introduce gamma as ratio Vfloat / Vbuilt
+
+  %% atmospheric density profile
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{isa_density_profile.png}
+    \caption{Density in the International Standard Atmosphere}
+  \end{figure}
+
+
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}{The Origins of Superpressure}
+
+  %% Superpressure - where does this come from?
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Free lift
+    %% more mols of gas inside than displaced outside
+  \item Supertemperature
+    %% aka. superheat, initial studies tend to use supertemperature,
+    %% so we'll stick with that. Floating greenhouse.
+  \item Vertical Air Currents (Lally 1967, VI. D. p.31)
+    %% less significant, < 10%
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Calculating Superpressure 1}
+
+  Ideal gas law $PV = nRT$
+
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+      % gas
+      \begin{figure}[!ht]
+        \centering
+        \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{circle_gas.png}
+      \end{figure}
+
+      \[
+        P_{gas}V = {m_{gas}\over{M_{gas}}} R T_{gas}
+      \]
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+      % displaced air
+      \begin{figure}[!ht]
+        \centering
+        \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{circle_air_displaced.png}
+      \end{figure}
+
+      \[
+        P_{air}V = {m_{system}\over{M_{air}}} R T_{air}
+      \]
+      % can say this because we're floating
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+
+  % now make volumes equal, and cancel R
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Calculating Superpressure 2}
+
+  Definitions of Superpressure and Supertemperature:
+  % aka. superheat
+
+  \[
+    P_{super} = P_{gas} - P_{air}
+  \]
+  \[
+    T_{super} = T_{gas} - T_{air}
+  \]
+
+  Assuming volumes are equal:
+
+  % taking the equation on the previous page, and after some algebra..
+  % algebra is available as a separate document
+  \[
+    P_{super} = { {R\over{V}} \bigg[ \Big( {m_{gas}\over{M_{gas}}} - {m_{system}\over{M_{air}}} \Big)T_{air}   +  {{m_{gas}}\over{M_{gas}}}T_{super} \bigg]}
+  \]
+
+  % first term is due to extra gas - free lift, second due to supertemperature
+
+  The second term dominates, so:
+
+  \[
+    {P_{super}\over{T_{super}}} \approx   {{m_{gas}}\over{M_{gas}}}{R\over{V}}
+  \]
+
+  % So superpressure and supertemperature are proportional - this is
+  % well known (Lally etc.) - and we want to minimise the constant of
+  % proportionality.
+
+\end{frame}
+
+% \item Effects of changing gamma.
+
+
+\begin{frame}{Supertemperature}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    %% lally table
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{lally_19_table_9.png}
+    \caption{Lally 1967, Table 9 p.24 (edited)}
+  \end{figure}
+
+  % this gives us a useful guesstimate at the supertemperature
+
+\end{frame}
+
+% I noted earlier that amateur balloons aren't spherical. Instead
+% they're make flat and then inflated. Bristol SEDS, Leo, Qualatex
+% are all essentially this shape. It's easy to make.
+
+\begin{frame}{Mylar Balloon Shape 1}
+
+  % This is the "mylar balloon".
+  % shape. So called because mathematicians found this shape "in the
+  % wild" and named it after the object that took this shape - namely
+  % party balloons made from mylar.
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    %% mylar balloon shape
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{paulsen_1994_figure_1.png}
+    \caption{Paulsen 1994, Figure 1}
+  \end{figure}
+
+  \[
+    \int_{0}^{a} \sqrt {1 + f'(x)^2}\ dx = r
+  \]
+
+  % When you inflate it, the radius that the 2D shape had still
+  % exists. So it limits the shape
+
+  % This is a well defined shape, can calcuate volume and so on - for
+  % instance the area of this cross section is 2 a^2
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Mylar Balloon Shape}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{mylar_balloon_crimping_hot.png}
+    \caption{Crimping means a small area the in centre is stressed. }
+  \end{figure}
+
+  %% The size of the area that's stressed is related to the
+  %% elasticisty of the material, which probably is quite low at
+  %% stratospheric temperatures.
+
+  %% So this design doesn't appear to be much better than the tetroon,
+  %% where stress is concentrated at the corners.
+
+  %% But we've got a trick...
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{The Magic of Pre-stretch}
+
+  %% Major step in making these balloons work - attributed to whom??
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Minimise Creep and relieve manufacturing stresses (Lally 1967, VI. C. p.28)
+    %% Lally knew about this
+  \item Increases $\Gamma$, leading to higher float and lower superpressure.
+    % our equation for density has volume on the bottom - we increase
+    % volume, get less dense and go higher. Same for pressure-thermal ratio
+    % Gamma ~1.7 for latest flights
+  \item Re-distributes stresses around mylar balloon shape.
+    %% When first built the stress is concentrated in the middle of each gore.
+    %% Pre-stretching equalises the stress over a much greater proportion of the gore.
+
+    %% Pre-stretch generally good, as long as your material
+    %% mantains its properties. We haven't explored gamma > 2 regime
+    %% however.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Envelope Construction}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{bristol_seds_balloon_1_9m.png}
+    \caption{Drawing for 1.9m balloon}
+  \end{figure}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Envelope Construction}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{bristol_seds_balloon_1_9m_film.png}
+    \caption{50$\mu$m film cross section}
+  \end{figure}
+
+  Thanks to Exploratory Ideas grant from CEOI.
+  %% Paid for the lab time to take a look at this
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Further Work}
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Web based calcuator - like the Burst Calculator.
+  \item Numerical analysis of previous flights.
+  \item Guidelines for minimum free lift.
+    %% drag equation
+  \item Modelling and measuring supertemperature.
+    %% not so easy, but do-able
+  \item Model for mylar tube shape.
+    %% bit of geometry
+  \item Explore $\Gamma > 2$
+    %% the limit of pre-stretch
+  \item Measuring strain on the ground (Angell and Pack, Apr. 1960).
+    %% no specilist tools needed
+  \item Relationship between stress and strain.
+    %% in non-linear region - okay this is hard
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Further Work}
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Have fun flying round the world...
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{pico-pi-logo.png}
+  \end{figure}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Meridional Hoop}
+
+  \begin{figure}[!ht]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{mylar_balloon_meridianal_hoop.png}
+    \caption{Meridional Hoop of a Mylar Balloon }
+  \end{figure}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\end{document}

ideal_gas_analysis.tex

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+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage[a4paper,left=2cm,top=2cm]{geometry}
+
+\usepackage{parskip}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage{mathtools}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Analysis of Superpressure Balloon using the ideal gas law}
+\author{Richard Meadows 2016}
+
+Analysis of Superpressure Balloon using the ideal gas law.
+
+\[
+P_{super} = P_{gas} - P_{air} \ \ \ \ (1)
+\]
+
+We can write the ideal gas equation for the gas inside the balloon:
+
+\[
+ P_{gas}V = {m_{gas}\over{M_{gas}}} R T_{gas} \ \ \ \ (2)
+\]
+
+Since the system is floating, we know the mass of the air displaced is
+$m_{system}$. So we can also write the idea gas equation for the air
+displaced by the balloon.
+
+\[
+ P_{air}V = {m_{system}\over{M_{air}}} R T_{air} \ \ \ \ (3)
+\]
+
+We assume the volumes are equal, so we can subsitiute one into the other.
+
+\[
+ P_{gas} = P_{air} \bigg[ {{{m_{gas}\over{M_{gas}}} R T_{gas}}\over{{m_{system}\over{M_{air}}} R T_{air}}}  \bigg]  \ \ \ \ (4)
+\]
+
+Re-arrange and cancel $R$:
+
+\[
+ P_{gas} = { P_{air} \bigg[ { {m_{gas}T_{gas}M_{air}}\over{M_{gas}T_{air}m_{system}} } \bigg]}  \ \ \ \ (5)
+\]
+
+Now we can use the definition of superpressure (1):
+
+\[
+P_{super} = P_{gas} - P_{air} \ \ \ \ (1)
+\]
+
+\[
+ P_{super} = { P_{air} \bigg[ { {m_{gas}T_{gas}M_{air}}\over{M_{gas}T_{air}m_{system}} } - 1\bigg]}  \ \ \ \ (6)
+\]
+
+Substituting in our expression for $P_{air}$:
+
+\[
+ P_{air} = {{m_{system}R T_{air}}\over{M_{air}V}} \ \ \ \ (3)
+\]
+
+\[
+ P_{super} = { {{m_{system}R T_{air}}\over{M_{air}V}} \bigg[ { {m_{gas}T_{gas}M_{air}}\over{M_{gas}T_{air}m_{system}} } - 1\bigg]}  \ \ \ \ (7)
+\]
+
+\[
+ P_{super} = { {R\over{V}} \bigg[ { {m_{gas}}\over{M_{gas}} } T_{gas} - { {m_{system}}\over{M_{system}} } T_{air}\bigg]}  \ \ \ \ (8)
+\]
+
+We define supertemperature in the same way as superpressure:
+
+\[
+ T_{super} = T_{gas} - T_{air} \ \ \ \ (9)
+\]
+
+\[
+ P_{super} = { {R\over{V}} \bigg[ \Big( {m_{gas}\over{M_{gas}}} - {m_{system}\over{M_{air}}} \Big)T_{air}   +  {{m_{gas}}\over{M_{gas}}}T_{super} \bigg]} \ \ \ \ \ \ (10)
+\]
+
+We can reasonably say the superpressure due to the temperature dominates, so
+
+\[
+ {P_{super}\over{T_{super}}} \approx   {{m_{gas}}\over{M_{gas}}}{R\over{V}} \ \ \ \ \ (11)
+\]
+
+\end{document}