tippecanoe
==========

Builds [vector tilesets](https://www.mapbox.com/developers/vector-tiles/) from large (or small) collections of [GeoJSON](http://geojson.org/) features,
[like these](MADE_WITH.md).

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/mapbox/tippecanoe.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/mapbox/tippecanoe)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/mapbox/tippecanoe/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/mapbox/tippecanoe?branch=master)

Intent
------

The goal of Tippecanoe is to enable making a scale-independent view of your data,
so that at any level from the entire world to a single building, you can see
the density and texture of the data rather than a simplification from dropping
supposedly unimportant features or clustering or aggregating them.

If you give it all of OpenStreetMap and zoom out, it should give you back
something that looks like "[All Streets](http://benfry.com/allstreets/map5.html)"
rather than something that looks like an Interstate road atlas.

If you give it all the building footprints in Los Angeles and zoom out
far enough that most individual buildings are no longer discernable, you
should still be able to see the extent and variety of development in every neighborhood,
not just the largest downtown buildings.

If you give it a collection of years of tweet locations, you should be able to
see the shape and relative popularity of every point of interest and every
significant travel corridor.

Installation
------------

The easiest way to install tippecanoe on OSX is with [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/):

```js
$ brew install tippecanoe
```

Usage
-----

```sh
$ tippecanoe -o file.mbtiles [file.json ...]
```

If no files are specified, it reads GeoJSON from the standard input.
If multiple files are specified, each is placed in its own layer.

The GeoJSON features need not be wrapped in a FeatureCollection.
You can concatenate multiple GeoJSON features or files together,
and it will parse out the features and ignore whatever other objects
it encounters.

Options
-------

There are a lot of options. A lot of the time you won't want to use any of them
other than `-o` _output_`.mbtiles` to name the output file, and probably `-f` to
delete the file that already exists with that name.

If you aren't sure what the right maxzoom is for your data, `-zg` will guess one for you
based on the density of features.

If you are mapping point features, you will often want to use `-Bg` to automatically choose
a base zoom level for dot dropping. If that doesn't work out for you, try
`-r1 --drop-fraction-as-needed` to turn off the normal dot dropping and instead
only drop features if the tiles get too big.

If you are mapping points or polygons, you will often want to use `--drop-densest-as-needed`
to drop some of them if necessary to make the low zoom levels work.

If your features have a lot of attributes, use `-y` to keep only the ones you really need.

If your input is formatted as newline-delimited GeoJSON, use `-P` to make input parsing a lot faster.

### Output tileset

 * `-o` _file_`.mbtiles` or `--output=`_file_`.mbtiles`: Name the output file.
 * `-e` _directory_ or `--output-to-directory`=_directory_: Write tiles to the specified *directory* instead of to an mbtiles file.
 * `-f` or `--force`: Delete the mbtiles file if it already exists instead of giving an error
 * `-F` or `--allow-existing`: Proceed (without deleting existing data) if the metadata or tiles table already exists
   or if metadata fields can't be set. You probably don't want to use this.

### Tileset description and attribution

 * `-n` _name_ or `--name=`_name_: Human-readable name for the tileset (default file.json)
 * `-A` _text_ or `--attribution=`_text_: Attribution (HTML) to be shown with maps that use data from this tileset.
 * `-N` _description_ or `--description=`_description_: Description for the tileset (default file.mbtiles)

### Input files and layer names

 * _name_`.json` or _name_`.geojson`: Read the named GeoJSON input file into a layer called _name_.
 * `-l` _name_ or `--layer=`_name_: Use the specified layer name instead of deriving a name from the input filename or output tileset. If there are multiple input files
   specified, the files are all merged into the single named layer, even if they try to specify individual names with `-L`.
 * `-L` _name_`:`_file.json_ or `--named-layer=`_name_`:`_file.json_: Specify layer names for individual files. If your shell supports it, you can use a subshell redirect like `-L` _name_`:<(cat dir/*.json)` to specify a layer name for the output of streamed input.

### Parallel processing of input

 * `-P` or `--read-parallel`: Use multiple threads to read different parts of each input file at once.
   This will only work if the input is line-delimited JSON with each Feature on its
   own line, because it knows nothing of the top-level structure around the Features. Spurious "EOF" error
   messages may result otherwise.
   Performance will be better if the input is a named file that can be mapped into memory
   rather than a stream that can only be read sequentially.

If the input file begins with the [RFC 8142](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8142) record separator,
parallel processing of input will be invoked automatically, splitting at record separators rather
than at all newlines.

### Projection of input

 * `-s` _projection_ or `--projection=`_projection_: Specify the projection of the input data. Currently supported are `EPSG:4326` (WGS84, the default) and `EPSG:3857` (Web Mercator). In general you should use WGS84 for your input files if at all possible.

### Zoom levels

 * `-z` _zoom_ or `--maximum-zoom=`_zoom_: Maxzoom: the highest zoom level for which tiles are generated (default 14)
 * `-zg` or `--maximum-zoom=g`: Guess what is probably a reasonable maxzoom based on the spacing of features.
 * `-Z` _zoom_ or `--minimum-zoom=`_zoom_: Minzoom: the lowest zoom level for which tiles are generated (default 0)

### Tile resolution

 * `-d` _detail_ or `--full-detail=`_detail_: Detail at max zoom level (default 12, for tile resolution of 4096)
 * `-D` _detail_ or `--low-detail=`_detail_: Detail at lower zoom levels (default 12, for tile resolution of 4096)
 * `-m` _detail_ or `--minimum-detail=`_detail_: Minimum detail that it will try if tiles are too big at regular detail (default 7)

All internal math is done in terms of a 32-bit tile coordinate system, so 1/(2^32) of the size of Earth,
or about 1cm, is the smallest distinguishable distance. If _maxzoom_ + _detail_ > 32, no additional
resolution is obtained than by using a smaller _maxzoom_ or _detail_.

### Filtering feature attributes

 * `-x` _name_ or `--exclude=`_name_: Exclude the named properties from all features
 * `-y` _name_ or `--include=`_name_: Include the named properties in all features, excluding all those not explicitly named
 * `-X` or `--exclude-all`: Exclude all properties and encode only geometries
 * `-T`_attribute_`:`_type_ or `--attribute-type=`_attribute_`:`_type_: Coerce the named feature _attribute_ to be of the specified _type_.
   The _type_ may be `string`, `float`, `int`, or `bool`.
   If the type is `bool`, then original attributes of `0`, `false`, `null`, or the empty string become `false`, and otherwise become `true`.
   If the type is `float` or `int` and the original attribute was non-numeric, it becomes `0`.
   If the type is `int` and the original attribute was floating-point, it is rounded to the nearest integer.

### Dropping a fixed fraction of features by zoom level

 * `-r` _rate_ or `--drop-rate=`_rate_: Rate at which dots are dropped at zoom levels below basezoom (default 2.5).
   If you use `-rg`, it will guess a drop rate that will keep at most 50,000 features in the densest tile.
   You can also specify a marker-width with `-rg`*width* to allow fewer features in the densest tile to
   compensate for the larger marker, or `-rf`*number* to allow at most *number* features in the densest tile.
 * `-B` _zoom_ or `--base-zoom=`_zoom_: Base zoom, the level at and above which all points are included in the tiles (default maxzoom).
   If you use `-Bg`, it will guess a zoom level that will keep at most 50,000 features in the densest tile.
   You can also specify a marker-width with `-Bg`*width* to allow fewer features in the densest tile to
   compensate for the larger marker, or `-Bf`*number* to allow at most *number* features in the densest tile.
 * `-al` or `--drop-lines`: Let "dot" dropping at lower zooms apply to lines too
 * `-ap` or `--drop-polygons`: Let "dot" dropping at lower zooms apply to polygons too

### Dropping a fraction of features to keep under tile size limits

 * `-as` or `--drop-densest-as-needed`: If a tile is too large, try to reduce it to under 500K by increasing the minimum spacing between features. The discovered spacing applies to the entire zoom level.
 * `-ad` or `--drop-fraction-as-needed`: Dynamically drop some fraction of features from each zoom level to keep large tiles under the 500K size limit. (This is like `-pd` but applies to the entire zoom level, not to each tile.)
 * `-an` or `--drop-smallest-as-needed`: Dynamically drop the smallest features (physically smallest: the shortest lines or the smallest polygons) from each zoom level to keep large tiles under the 500K size limit. This option will not work for point features.
 * `-pd` or `--force-feature-limit`: Dynamically drop some fraction of features from large tiles to keep them under the 500K size limit. It will probably look ugly at the tile boundaries. (This is like `-ad` but applies to each tile individually, not to the entire zoom level.) You probably don't want to use this.

### Dropping tightly overlapping features

 * `-g` _gamma_ or `--gamma=_gamma`_: Rate at which especially dense dots are dropped (default 0, for no effect). A gamma of 2 reduces the number of dots less than a pixel apart to the square root of their original number.
 * `-aG` or `--increase-gamma-as-needed`: If a tile is too large, try to reduce it to under 500K by increasing the `-g` gamma. The discovered gamma applies to the entire zoom level. You probably want to use `--drop-densest-as-needed` instead.

### Line and polygon simplification

 * `-S` _scale_ or `--simplification=`_scale_: Multiply the tolerance for line and polygon simplification by _scale_. The standard tolerance tries to keep
   the line or polygon within one tile unit of its proper location. You can probably go up to about 10 without too much visible difference.
 * `-ps` or `--no-line-simplification`: Don't simplify lines and polygons
 * `-pS` or `--simplify-only-low-zooms`: Don't simplify lines and polygons at maxzoom (but do simplify at lower zooms)
 * `-pt` or `--no-tiny-polygon-reduction`: Don't combine the area of very small polygons into small squares that represent their combined area.

### Attempts to improve shared polygon boundaries

 * `-ab` or `--detect-shared-borders`: In the manner of [TopoJSON](https://github.com/mbostock/topojson/wiki/Introduction), detect borders that are shared between multiple polygons and simplify them identically in each polygon. This takes more time and memory than considering each polygon individually.
 * `-aL` or `--grid-low-zooms`: At all zoom levels below _maxzoom_, snap all lines and polygons to a stairstep grid instead of allowing diagonals. You will also want to specify a tile resolution, probably `-D8`. This option provides a way to display continuous parcel, gridded, or binned data at low zooms without overwhelming the tiles with tiny polygons, since features will either get stretched out to the grid unit or lost entirely, depending on how they happened to be aligned in the original data. You probably don't want to use this.

### Controlling clipping to tile boundaries

 * `-b` _pixels_ or `--buffer=`_pixels_: Buffer size where features are duplicated from adjacent tiles. Units are "screen pixels"—1/256th of the tile width or height. (default 5)
 * `-pc` or `--no-clipping`: Don't clip features to the size of the tile. If a feature overlaps the tile's bounds or buffer at all, it is included completely. Be careful: this can produce very large tilesets, especially with large polygons.
 * `-pD` or `--no-duplication`: As with `--no-clipping`, each feature is included intact instead of cut to tile boundaries. In addition, it is included only in a single tile per zoom level rather than potentially in multiple copies. Clients of the tileset must check adjacent tiles (possibly some distance away) to ensure they have all features.

### Reordering features within each tile

 * `-pi` or `--preserve-input-order`: Preserve the original input order of features as the drawing order instead of ordering geographically. (This is implemented as a restoration of the original order at the end, so that dot-dropping is still geographic, which means it also undoes `-ao`).
 * `-ao` or `--reorder`: Reorder features to put ones with the same properties in sequence, to try to get them to coalesce. You probably don't want to use this.
 * `-ac` or `--coalesce`: Coalesce adjacent line and polygon features that have the same properties. You probably don't want to use this.
 * `-ar` or `--reverse`: Try reversing the directions of lines to make them coalesce and compress better. You probably don't want to use this.

### Adding calculated attributes

 * `-ag` or `--calculate-feature-density`: Add a new attribute, `tippecanoe_feature_density`, to each feature, to record how densely features are spaced in that area of the tile. You can use this attribute in the style to produce a glowing effect where points are densely packed. It can range from 0 in the sparsest areas to 255 in the densest.

### Trying to correct bad source geometry

 * `-aw` or `--detect-longitude-wraparound`: Detect when adjacent points within a feature jump to the other side of the world, and try to fix the geometry.

### Setting or disabling tile size limits

 * `-M` _bytes_ or `--maximum-tile-bytes=`_bytes_: Use the specified number of _bytes_ as the maximum compressed tile size instead of 500K.
 * `-pf` or `--no-feature-limit`: Don't limit tiles to 200,000 features
 * `-pk` or `--no-tile-size-limit`: Don't limit tiles to 500K bytes
 * `-pC` or `--no-tile-compression`: Don't compress the PBF vector tile data.

### Temporary storage

 * `-t` _directory_ or `--temporary-directory=`_directory_: Put the temporary files in _directory_.
   If you don't specify, it will use `/tmp`.

### Progress indicator

 * `-q` or `--quiet`: Work quietly instead of reporting progress
 * `-v` or `--version`: Report Tippecanoe's version number

Environment
-----------

Tippecanoe ordinarily uses as many parallel threads as the operating system claims that CPUs are available.
You can override this number by setting the `TIPPECANOE_MAX_THREADS` environmental variable.

Example
-------

```sh
$ tippecanoe -o alameda.mbtiles -l alameda -n "Alameda County from TIGER" -z13 tl_2014_06001_roads.json
```

```
$ cat tiger/tl_2014_*_roads.json | tippecanoe -o tiger.mbtiles -l roads -n "All TIGER roads, one zoom" -z12 -Z12 -d14 -x LINEARID -x RTTYP
```

GeoJSON extension
-----------------

Tippecanoe defines a GeoJSON extension that you can use to specify the minimum and/or maximum zoom level
at which an individual feature will be included in the vector tileset being produced.
If you have a feature like this:

```
{
    "type" : "Feature",
    "tippecanoe" : { "maxzoom" : 9, "minzoom" : 4 },
    "properties" : { "FULLNAME" : "N Vasco Rd" },
    "geometry" : {
        "type" : "LineString",
        "coordinates" : [ [ -121.733350, 37.767671 ], [ -121.733600, 37.767483 ], [ -121.733131, 37.766952 ] ]
    }
}
```

with a `tippecanoe` object specifiying a `maxzoom` of 9 and a `minzoom` of 4, the feature
will only appear in the vector tiles for zoom levels 4 through 9. Note that the `tippecanoe`
object belongs to the Feature, not to its `properties`. If you specify a `minzoom` for a feature,
it will be preserved down to that zoom level even if dot-dropping with `-r` would otherwise have
dropped it.

You can also specify a layer name in the `tippecanoe` object, which will take precedence over
the filename or name specified using `--layer`, like this:

```
{
    "type" : "Feature",
    "tippecanoe" : { "layer" : "streets" },
    "properties" : { "FULLNAME" : "N Vasco Rd" },
    "geometry" : {
        "type" : "LineString",
        "coordinates" : [ [ -121.733350, 37.767671 ], [ -121.733600, 37.767483 ], [ -121.733131, 37.766952 ] ]
    }
}
```

Point styling
-------------

To provide a consistent density gradient as you zoom, the Mapbox Studio style needs to be
coordinated with the base zoom level and dot-dropping rate. You can use this shell script to
calculate the appropriate marker-width at high zoom levels to match the fraction of dots
that were dropped at low zoom levels.

If you used `-B` or `-z` to change the base zoom level or `-r` to change the
dot-dropping rate, replace them in the `basezoom` and `rate` below.

    awk 'BEGIN {
        dotsize = 2;    # up to you to decide
        basezoom = 14;  # tippecanoe -z 14
        rate = 2.5;     # tippecanoe -r 2.5

        print "  marker-line-width: 0;";
        print "  marker-ignore-placement: true;";
        print "  marker-allow-overlap: true;";
        print "  marker-width: " dotsize ";";
        for (i = basezoom + 1; i <= 22; i++) {
            print "  [zoom >= " i "] { marker-width: " (dotsize * exp(log(sqrt(rate)) * (i - basezoom))) "; }";
        }

        exit(0);
    }'

Geometric simplifications
-------------------------

At every zoom level, line and polygon features are subjected to Douglas-Peucker
simplification to the resolution of the tile.

For point features, it drops 1/2.5 of the dots for each zoom level above the
point base zoom (which is normally the same as the `-z` max zoom, but can be
a different zoom specified with `-B` if you have precise but sparse data).
I don't know why 2.5 is the appropriate number, but the densities of many different
data sets fall off at about this same rate. You can use -r to specify a different rate.

You can use the gamma option to thin out especially dense clusters of points.
For any area where dots are closer than one pixel together (at whatever zoom level),
a gamma of 3, for example, will reduce these clusters to the cube root of their original density.

For line features, it drops any features that are too small to draw at all.
This still leaves the lower zooms too dark (and too dense for the 500K tile limit,
in some places), so I need to figure out an equitable way to throw features away.

Unless you specify `--no-tiny-polygon-reduction`,
any polygons that are smaller than a minimum area (currently 4 square subpixels) will
have their probability diffused, so that some of them will be drawn as a square of
this minimum size and others will not be drawn at all, preserving the total area that
all of them should have had together.

Features in the same tile that share the same type and attributes are coalesced
together into a single geometry if you use `--coalesce`. You are strongly encouraged to use -x to exclude
any unnecessary properties to reduce wasted file size.

If a tile is larger than 500K, it will try encoding that tile at progressively
lower resolutions before failing if it still doesn't fit.

Development
-----------

Requires sqlite3 and zlib (should already be installed on MacOS). Rebuilding the manpage
uses md2man (`gem install md2man`).

Linux:

    sudo apt-get install build-essential libsqlite3-dev zlib1g-dev

Then build:

    make

and perhaps

    make install

Tippecanoe now requires features from the 2011 C++ standard. If your compiler is older than
that, you will need to install a newer one. On MacOS, updating to the lastest XCode should
get you a new enough version of `clang++`. On Linux, you should be able to upgrade `g++` with

```
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update -y
sudo apt-get install -y g++-5
export CXX=g++-5
```

Examples
------

Check out [some examples of maps made with tippecanoe](MADE_WITH.md)

Name
----

The name is [a joking reference](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too) to a "tiler" for making map tiles.

tile-join
=========

Tile-join is a tool for joining new attributes from a CSV file to features that
have already been tiled with tippecanoe. It reads the tiles from an existing .mbtiles
file, matches them against the records of the CSV, and writes out a new tileset.

If you specify multiple source mbtiles files, they are all read and their combined
contents are written to the new mbtiles output. If they define the same layers or
the same tiles, the layers or tiles are merged.

The options are:

 * `-o` *out.mbtiles*: Write the new tiles to the specified .mbtiles file
 * `-f`: Remove *out.mbtiles* if it already exists
 * `-c` *match*`.csv`: Use *match*`.csv` as the source for new attributes to join to the features. The first line of the file should be the key names; the other lines are values. The first column is the one to match against the existing features; the other columns are the new data to add.
 * `-x` *key*: Remove attributes of type *key* from the output. You can use this to remove the field you are matching against if you no longer need it after joining, or to remove any other attributes you don't want.
 * `-i`: Only include features that matched the CSV.
 * `-pk`: Don't skip tiles larger than 500K.
 * `-l` *layer*: Include the named layer in the output. You can specify multiple `-l` options to keep multiple layers. If you don't specify, they will all be retained.
 * `-L` *layer*: Remove the named layer from the output. You can specify multiple `-L` options to remove multiple layers.

Because tile-join just copies the geometries to the new .mbtiles without processing them
(except to rescale the extents if necessary),
it doesn't have any of tippecanoe's recourses if the new tiles are bigger than the 500K tile limit.
If a tile is too big and you haven't specified `-pk`, it is just left out of the new tileset.

Example
-------

Imagine you have a tileset of census blocks:

```sh
curl -O http://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2010/TABBLOCK/2010/tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.zip
unzip tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.zip
ogr2ogr -f GeoJSON tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.json tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.shp
./tippecanoe -o tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.mbtiles tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.json
```

and a CSV of their populations:

```sh
curl -O http://www2.census.gov/census_2010/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/California/ca2010.pl.zip
unzip -p ca2010.pl.zip cageo2010.pl |
awk 'BEGIN {
    print "GEOID10,population"
}
(substr($0, 9, 3) == "750") {
    print "\"" substr($0, 28, 2) substr($0, 30, 3) substr($0, 55, 6) substr($0, 62, 4) "\"," (0 + substr($0, 328, 9))
}' > population.csv
```

which looks like this:

```
GEOID10,population
"060014277003018",0
"060014283014046",0
"060014284001020",0
...
"060014507501001",202
"060014507501002",119
"060014507501003",193
"060014507501004",85
...
```

Then you can join those populations to the geometries and discard the no-longer-needed ID field:

```sh
./tile-join -o population.mbtiles -x GEOID10 -c population.csv tl_2010_06001_tabblock10.mbtiles
```

tippecanoe-enumerate
====================

The `tippecanoe-enumerate` utility lists the tiles that an `mbtiles` file defines.
Each line of the output lists the name of the `mbtiles` file and the zoom, x, and y
coordinates of one of the tiles. It does basically the same thing as

    select zoom_level, tile_column, (1 << zoom_level) - 1 - tile_row from tiles;

on the file in sqlite3.

tippecanoe-decode
=================

The `tippecanoe-decode` utility turns vector mbtiles back to GeoJSON. You can use it either
on an entire file:

    tippecanoe-decode file.mbtiles

or on an individual tile:

    tippecanoe-decode file.mbtiles zoom x y
    tippecanoe-decode file.vector.pbf zoom x y

If you decode an entire file, you get a nested `FeatureCollection` identifying each
tile and layer separately. Note that the same features generally appear at all zooms,
so the output for the file will have many copies of the same features at different
resolutions.

### Options

 * `-t` _projection_: Specify the projection of the output data. Currently supported are EPSG:4326 (WGS84, the default) and EPSG:3857 (Web Mercator).
 * `-z` _maxzoom_: Specify the highest zoom level to decode from the tileset
 * `-Z` _minzoom_: Specify the lowest zoom level to decode from the tileset
 * `-l` _layer_: Decode only layers with the specified names. (Multiple `-l` options can be specified.)
