#! /usr/bin/python import math from allmydata.util import statistics from numpy import array, matrix, dot DAY=24*60*60 MONTH=31*DAY YEAR=365*DAY class ReliabilityModel(object): """Generate a model of system-wide reliability, given several input parameters. This runs a simulation in which time is quantized down to 'delta' seconds (default is one month): a smaller delta will result in a more accurate simulation, but will take longer to run. 'report_span' simulated seconds will be run. The encoding parameters are provided as 'k' (minimum number of shares needed to recover the file) and 'N' (total number of shares generated). The default parameters are 3-of-10. The first step is to build a probability of individual drive loss during any given delta. This uses a simple exponential model, in which the average drive lifetime is specified by the 'drive_lifetime' parameter (default is 8 years). The second step is to calculate a 'transition matrix': a table of probabilities that shows, given A shares at the start of the delta, what the chances are of having B shares left at the end of the delta. The current code optimistically assumes all drives are independent. A subclass could override that assumption. An additional 'repair matrix' is created to show what happens when the Checker/Repairer is run. In the simulation, the Checker will be run every 'check_period' seconds (default is one month), and the Repairer will be run if it sees fewer than 'R' shares (default 7). The third step is to finally run the simulation. An initial probability vector is created (with a 100% chance of N shares and a 0% chance of fewer than N shares), then it is multiplied by the transition matrix for every delta of time. Each time the Checker is to be run, the repair matrix is multiplied in, and some additional stats are accumulated (average number of repairs that occur, average number of shares regenerated per repair). The output is a ReliabilityReport instance, which contains a table that samples the state of the simulation once each 'report_period' seconds (defaults to 3 months). Each row of this table will contain the probability vector for one sample period (chance of having X shares, from 0 to N, at the end of the period). The report will also contain other information. """ @classmethod def run(klass, drive_lifetime=8*YEAR, k=3, R=7, N=10, delta=1*MONTH, check_period=1*MONTH, report_period=3*MONTH, report_span=5*YEAR, ): self = klass() check_period = check_period-1 P = self.p_in_period(drive_lifetime, delta) decay = self.build_decay_matrix(N, P) repair = self.build_repair_matrix(k, N, R) #print "DECAY:", decay #print "OLD-POST-REPAIR:", old_post_repair #print "NEW-POST-REPAIR:", decay * repair #print "REPAIR:", repair #print "DIFF:", (old_post_repair - decay * repair) START = array([0]*N + [1]) DEAD = array([1]*k + [0]*(1+N-k)) REPAIRp = array([0]*k + [1]*(R-k) + [0]*(1+N-R)) REPAIR_newshares = array([0]*k + [N-i for i in range(k, R)] + [0]*(1+N-R)) assert REPAIR_newshares.shape[0] == N+1 #print "START", START #print "REPAIRp", REPAIRp #print "REPAIR_newshares", REPAIR_newshares unmaintained_state = START maintained_state = START last_check = 0 last_report = 0 P_repaired_last_check_period = 0.0 needed_repairs = [] needed_new_shares = [] report = ReliabilityReport() for t in range(0, report_span+delta, delta): # the .A[0] turns the one-row matrix back into an array unmaintained_state = (unmaintained_state * decay).A[0] maintained_state = (maintained_state * decay).A[0] if (t-last_check) > check_period: last_check = t # we do a check-and-repair this frequently need_repair = dot(maintained_state, REPAIRp) P_repaired_last_check_period = need_repair new_shares = dot(maintained_state, REPAIR_newshares) needed_repairs.append(need_repair) needed_new_shares.append(new_shares) maintained_state = (maintained_state * repair).A[0] if (t-last_report) > report_period: last_report = t P_dead_unmaintained = dot(unmaintained_state, DEAD) P_dead_maintained = dot(maintained_state, DEAD) cumulative_number_of_repairs = sum(needed_repairs) cumulative_number_of_new_shares = sum(needed_new_shares) report.add_sample(t, unmaintained_state, maintained_state, P_repaired_last_check_period, cumulative_number_of_repairs, cumulative_number_of_new_shares, P_dead_unmaintained, P_dead_maintained) # record one more sample at the end of the run P_dead_unmaintained = dot(unmaintained_state, DEAD) P_dead_maintained = dot(maintained_state, DEAD) cumulative_number_of_repairs = sum(needed_repairs) cumulative_number_of_new_shares = sum(needed_new_shares) report.add_sample(t, unmaintained_state, maintained_state, P_repaired_last_check_period, cumulative_number_of_repairs, cumulative_number_of_new_shares, P_dead_unmaintained, P_dead_maintained) #def yandm(seconds): # return "%dy.%dm" % (int(seconds/YEAR), int( (seconds%YEAR)/MONTH)) #needed_repairs_total = sum(needed_repairs) #needed_new_shares_total = sum(needed_new_shares) #print "at 2y:" #print " unmaintained", unmaintained_state #print " maintained", maintained_state #print " number of repairs", needed_repairs_total #print " new shares generated", needed_new_shares_total #repair_rate_inv = report_span / needed_repairs_total #print " avg repair rate: once every %s" % yandm(repair_rate_inv) #print " avg repair download: one share every %s" % yandm(repair_rate_inv/k) #print " avg repair upload: one share every %s" % yandm(report_span / needed_new_shares_total) return report def p_in_period(self, avg_lifetime, period): """Given an average lifetime of a disk (using an exponential model), what is the chance that a live disk will survive the next 'period' seconds?""" # eg p_in_period(8*YEAR, MONTH) = 98.94% return math.exp(-1.0*period/avg_lifetime) def build_decay_matrix(self, N, P): """Return a decay matrix. decay[start_shares][end_shares] is the conditional probability of finishing with end_shares, given that we started with start_shares.""" decay_rows = [] decay_rows.append( [0.0]*(N+1) ) for start_shares in range(1, (N+1)): end_shares = self.build_decay_row(start_shares, P) decay_row = end_shares + [0.0] * (N-start_shares) assert len(decay_row) == (N+1), len(decay_row) decay_rows.append(decay_row) decay = matrix(decay_rows) return decay def build_decay_row(self, start_shares, P): """Return a decay row 'end_shares'. end_shares[i] is the chance that we finish with i shares, given that we started with start_shares, for all i between 0 and start_shares, inclusive. This implementation assumes that all shares are independent (IID), but a more complex model could incorporate inter-share failure correlations like having two shares on the same server.""" end_shares = statistics.binomial_distribution_pmf(start_shares, P) return end_shares def build_repair_matrix(self, k, N, R): """Return a repair matrix. repair[start][end]: is the conditional probability of the repairer finishing with 'end' shares, given that it began with 'start' shares (repair if fewer than R shares). The repairer's behavior is deterministic, so all values in this matrix are either 0 or 1. This matrix should be applied *after* the decay matrix.""" new_repair_rows = [] for start_shares in range(0, N+1): new_repair_row = [0] * (N+1) if start_shares < k: new_repair_row[start_shares] = 1 elif start_shares < R: new_repair_row[N] = 1 else: new_repair_row[start_shares] = 1 new_repair_rows.append(new_repair_row) repair = matrix(new_repair_rows) return repair class ReliabilityReport(object): def __init__(self): self.samples = [] def add_sample(self, when, unmaintained_shareprobs, maintained_shareprobs, P_repaired_last_check_period, cumulative_number_of_repairs, cumulative_number_of_new_shares, P_dead_unmaintained, P_dead_maintained): """ when: the timestamp at the end of the report period unmaintained_shareprobs: a vector of probabilities, element[S] is the chance that there are S shares left at the end of the report period. This tracks what happens if no repair is ever done. maintained_shareprobs: same, but for 'maintained' grids, where check and repair is done at the end of each check period P_repaired_last_check_period: a float, with the probability that a repair was performed at the end of the most recent check period. cumulative_number_of_repairs: a float, with the average number of repairs that will have been performed by the end of the report period cumulative_number_of_new_shares: a float, with the average number of new shares that repair proceses generated by the end of the report period P_dead_unmaintained: a float, with the chance that the file will be unrecoverable at the end of the period P_dead_maintained: same, but for maintained grids """ row = (when, unmaintained_shareprobs, maintained_shareprobs, P_repaired_last_check_period, cumulative_number_of_repairs, cumulative_number_of_new_shares, P_dead_unmaintained, P_dead_maintained) self.samples.append(row)