=============
Tahoe Logging
=============

1.  `Overview`_
2.  `Realtime Logging`_
3.  `Incidents`_
4.  `Working with flogfiles`_
5.  `Gatherers`_

    1.  `Incident Gatherer`_
    2.  `Log Gatherer`_

6.  `Local twistd.log files`_
7.  `Adding log messages`_
8.  `Log Messages During Unit Tests`_

Overview
========

Tahoe uses the Foolscap logging mechanism (known as the "flog" subsystem) to
record information about what is happening inside the Tahoe node. This is
primarily for use by programmers and grid operators who want to find out what
went wrong.

The foolscap logging system is documented here:

  http://foolscap.lothar.com/docs/logging.html

The foolscap distribution includes a utility named "flogtool" (usually at
/usr/bin/flogtool) which is used to get access to many foolscap logging
features.

Realtime Logging
================

When you are working on Tahoe code, and want to see what the node is doing,
the easiest tool to use is "flogtool tail". This connects to the tahoe node
and subscribes to hear about all log events. These events are then displayed
to stdout, and optionally saved to a file.

"flogtool tail" connects to the "logport", for which the FURL is stored in
BASEDIR/private/logport.furl . The following command will connect to this
port and start emitting log information:

  flogtool tail BASEDIR/private/logport.furl

The "--save-to FILENAME" option will save all received events to a file,
where then can be examined later with "flogtool dump" or "flogtool
web-viewer". The --catch-up flag will ask the node to dump all stored events
before subscribing to new ones (without --catch-up, you will only hear about
events that occur after the tool has connected and subscribed).

Incidents
=========

Foolscap keeps a short list of recent events in memory. When something goes
wrong, it writes all the history it has (and everything that gets logged in
the next few seconds) into a file called an "incident". These files go into
BASEDIR/logs/incidents/ , in a file named
"incident-TIMESTAMP-UNIQUE.flog.bz2". The default definition of "something
goes wrong" is the generation of a log event at the log.WEIRD level or
higher, but other criteria could be implemented.

The typical "incident report" we've seen in a large Tahoe grid is about 40kB
compressed, representing about 1800 recent events.

These "flogfiles" have a similar format to the files saved by "flogtool tail
--save-to". They are simply lists of log events, with a small header to
indicate which event triggered the incident.

The "flogtool dump FLOGFILE" command will take one of these .flog.bz2 files
and print their contents to stdout, one line per event. The raw event
dictionaries can be dumped by using "flogtool dump --verbose FLOGFILE".

The "flogtool web-viewer" command can be used to examine the flogfile in a
web browser. It runs a small HTTP server and emits the URL on stdout. This
view provides more structure than the output of "flogtool dump": the
parent/child relationships of log events is displayed in a nested format.
"flogtool web-viewer" is still fairly immature.

Working with flogfiles
======================

The "flogtool filter" command can be used to take a large flogfile (perhaps
one created by the log-gatherer, see below) and copy a subset of events into
a second file. This smaller flogfile may be easier to work with than the
original. The arguments to "flogtool filter" specify filtering criteria: a
predicate that each event must match to be copied into the target file.
--before and --after are used to exclude events outside a given window of
time. --above will retain events above a certain severity level. --from
retains events send by a specific tubid. --strip-facility removes events that
were emitted with a given facility (like foolscap.negotiation or
tahoe.upload).

Gatherers
=========

In a deployed Tahoe grid, it is useful to get log information automatically
transferred to a central log-gatherer host. This offloads the (admittedly
modest) storage requirements to a different host and provides access to
logfiles from multiple nodes (webapi/storage/helper) nodes in a single place.

There are two kinds of gatherers. Both produce a FURL which needs to be
placed in the NODEDIR/log_gatherer.furl file (one FURL per line) of the nodes
that are to publish their logs to the gatherer. When the Tahoe node starts,
it will connect to the configured gatherers and offer its logport: the
gatherer will then use the logport to subscribe to hear about events.

The gatherer will write to files in its working directory, which can then be
examined with tools like "flogtool dump" as described above.

Incident Gatherer
-----------------

The "incident gatherer" only collects Incidents: records of the log events
that occurred just before and slightly after some high-level "trigger event"
was recorded. Each incident is classified into a "category": a short string
that summarizes what sort of problem took place. These classification
functions are written after examining a new/unknown incident. The idea is to
recognize when the same problem is happening multiple times.

A collection of classification functions that are useful for Tahoe nodes are
provided in misc/incident-gatherer/support_classifiers.py . There is roughly
one category for each log.WEIRD-or-higher level event in the Tahoe source
code.

The incident gatherer is created with the "flogtool create-incident-gatherer
WORKDIR" command, and started with "tahoe start". The generated
"gatherer.tac" file should be modified to add classifier functions.

The incident gatherer writes incident names (which are simply the relative
pathname of the incident-\*.flog.bz2 file) into classified/CATEGORY. For
example, the classified/mutable-retrieve-uncoordinated-write-error file
contains a list of all incidents which were triggered by an uncoordinated
write that was detected during mutable file retrieval (caused when somebody
changed the contents of the mutable file in between the node's mapupdate step
and the retrieve step). The classified/unknown file contains a list of all
incidents that did not match any of the classification functions.

At startup, the incident gatherer will automatically reclassify any incident
report which is not mentioned in any of the classified/* files. So the usual
workflow is to examine the incidents in classified/unknown, add a new
classification function, delete classified/unknown, then bound the gatherer
with "tahoe restart WORKDIR". The incidents which can be classified with the
new functions will be added to their own classified/FOO lists, and the
remaining ones will be put in classified/unknown, where the process can be
repeated until all events are classifiable.

The incident gatherer is still fairly immature: future versions will have a
web interface and an RSS feed, so operations personnel can track problems in
the storage grid.

In our experience, each Incident takes about two seconds to transfer from the
node which generated it to the gatherer. The gatherer will automatically
catch up to any incidents which occurred while it is offline.

Log Gatherer
------------

The "Log Gatherer" subscribes to hear about every single event published by
the connected nodes, regardless of severity. This server writes these log
events into a large flogfile that is rotated (closed, compressed, and
replaced with a new one) on a periodic basis. Each flogfile is named
according to the range of time it represents, with names like
"from-2008-08-26-132256--to-2008-08-26-162256.flog.bz2". The flogfiles
contain events from many different sources, making it easier to correlate
things that happened on multiple machines (such as comparing a client node
making a request with the storage servers that respond to that request).

The Log Gatherer is created with the "flogtool create-gatherer WORKDIR"
command, and started with "tahoe start". The log_gatherer.furl it creates
then needs to be copied into the BASEDIR/log_gatherer.furl file of all nodes
which should be sending it log events.

The "flogtool filter" command, described above, is useful to cut down the
potentially-large flogfiles into more a narrowly-focussed form.

Busy nodes, particularly wapi nodes which are performing recursive
deep-size/deep-stats/deep-check operations, can produce a lot of log events.
To avoid overwhelming the node (and using an unbounded amount of memory for
the outbound TCP queue), publishing nodes will start dropping log events when
the outbound queue grows too large. When this occurs, there will be gaps
(non-sequential event numbers) in the log-gatherer's flogfiles.

Local twistd.log files
======================

[TODO: not yet true, requires foolscap-0.3.1 and a change to allmydata.node]

In addition to the foolscap-based event logs, certain high-level events will
be recorded directly in human-readable text form, in the
BASEDIR/logs/twistd.log file (and its rotated old versions: twistd.log.1,
twistd.log.2, etc). This form does not contain as much information as the
flogfiles available through the means described previously, but they are
immediately available to the curious developer, and are retained until the
twistd.log.NN files are explicitly deleted.

Only events at the log.OPERATIONAL level or higher are bridged to twistd.log
(i.e. not the log.NOISY debugging events). In addition, foolscap internal
events (like connection negotiation messages) are not bridged to twistd.log .

Adding log messages
===================

When adding new code, the Tahoe developer should add a reasonable number of
new log events. For details, please see the Foolscap logging documentation,
but a few notes are worth stating here:

* use a facility prefix of "tahoe.", like "tahoe.mutable.publish"

* assign each severe (log.WEIRD or higher) event a unique message
  identifier, as the umid= argument to the log.msg() call. The
  misc/coding_tools/make_umid script may be useful for this purpose. This will make it
  easier to write a classification function for these messages.

* use the parent= argument whenever the event is causally/temporally
  clustered with its parent. For example, a download process that involves
  three sequential hash fetches could announce the send and receipt of those
  hash-fetch messages with a parent= argument that ties them to the overall
  download process. However, each new wapi download request should be
  unparented.

* use the format= argument in preference to the message= argument. E.g.
  use log.msg(format="got %(n)d shares, need %(k)d", n=n, k=k) instead of
  log.msg("got %d shares, need %d" % (n,k)). This will allow later tools to
  analyze the event without needing to scrape/reconstruct the structured
  data out of the formatted string.

* Pass extra information as extra keyword arguments, even if they aren't
  included in the format= string. This information will be displayed in the
  "flogtool dump --verbose" output, as well as being available to other
  tools. The umid= argument should be passed this way.

* use log.err for the catch-all addErrback that gets attached to the end of
  any given Deferred chain. When used in conjunction with LOGTOTWISTED=1,
  log.err() will tell Twisted about the error-nature of the log message,
  causing Trial to flunk the test (with an "ERROR" indication that prints a
  copy of the Failure, including a traceback). Don't use log.err for events
  that are BAD but handled (like hash failures: since these are often
  deliberately provoked by test code, they should not cause test failures):
  use log.msg(level=BAD) for those instead.


Log Messages During Unit Tests
==============================

If a test is failing and you aren't sure why, start by enabling
FLOGTOTWISTED=1 like this:

  make test FLOGTOTWISTED=1

With FLOGTOTWISTED=1, sufficiently-important log events will be written into
_trial_temp/test.log, which may give you more ideas about why the test is
failing. Note, however, that _trial_temp/log.out will not receive messages
below the level=OPERATIONAL threshold, due to this issue:
<http://foolscap.lothar.com/trac/ticket/154>


If that isn't enough, look at the detailed foolscap logging messages instead,
by running the tests like this:

  make test FLOGFILE=flog.out.bz2 FLOGLEVEL=1 FLOGTOTWISTED=1

The first environment variable will cause foolscap log events to be written
to ./flog.out.bz2 (instead of merely being recorded in the circular buffers
for the use of remote subscribers or incident reports). The second will cause
all log events to be written out, not just the higher-severity ones. The
third will cause twisted log events (like the markers that indicate when each
unit test is starting and stopping) to be copied into the flogfile, making it
easier to correlate log events with unit tests.

Enabling this form of logging appears to roughly double the runtime of the
unit tests. The flog.out.bz2 file is approximately 2MB.

You can then use "flogtool dump" or "flogtool web-viewer" on the resulting
flog.out file.

("flogtool tail" and the log-gatherer are not useful during unit tests, since
there is no single Tub to which all the log messages are published).

It is possible for setting these environment variables to cause spurious test
failures in tests with race condition bugs. All known instances of this have
been fixed as of Tahoe-LAFS v1.7.1.
