Ruckus ZoneFlex 7321 is a dual-band, single radio 802.11n 2x2 MIMO enterprise
access point. It is very similar to its bigger brother, ZoneFlex 7372.
Hardware highligts:
- CPU: Atheros AR9342 SoC at 533 MHz
- RAM: 64MB DDR2
- Flash: 32MB SPI-NOR
- Wi-Fi: AR9342 built-in dual-band 2x2 MIMO radio
- Ethernet: single Gigabit Ethernet port through AR8035 gigabit PHY
- PoE: input through Gigabit port
- Standalone 12V/1A power input
- USB: optional single USB 2.0 host port on the 7321-U variant.
Serial console: 115200-8-N-1 on internal H1 header.
Pinout:
H1 ----------
|1|x3|4|5|
----------
Pin 1 is near the "H1" marking.
1 - RX
x - no pin
3 - VCC (3.3V)
4 - GND
5 - TX
JTAG: Connector H5, unpopulated, similar to MIPS eJTAG, standard,
but without the key in pin 12 and not every pin routed:
------- H5
|1 |2 |
-------
|3 |4 |
-------
|5 |6 |
-------
|7 |8 |
-------
|9 |10|
-------
|11|12|
-------
|13|14|
-------
3 - TDI
5 - TDO
7 - TMS
9 - TCK
2,4,6,8,10 - GND
14 - Vref
1,11,12,13 - Not connected
Installation:
There are two methods of installation:
- Using serial console [1] - requires some disassembly, 3.3V USB-Serial
adapter, TFTP server, and removing a single T10 screw,
but with much less manual steps, and is generally recommended, being
safer.
- Using stock firmware root shell exploit, SSH and TFTP [2]. Does not
work on some rare versions of stock firmware. A more involved, and
requires installing `mkenvimage` from u-boot-tools package if you
choose to rebuild your own environment, but can be used without
disassembly or removal from installation point, if you have the
credentials.
If for some reason, size of your sysupgrade image exceeds 13312kB,
proceed with method [1]. For official images this is not likely to
happen ever.
[1] Using serial console:
0. Connect serial console to H1 header. Ensure the serial converter
does not back-power the board, otherwise it will fail to boot.
1. Power-on the board. Then quickly connect serial converter to PC and
hit Ctrl+C in the terminal to break boot sequence. If you're lucky,
you'll enter U-boot shell. Then skip to point 3.
Connection parameters are 115200-8-N-1.
2. Allow the board to boot. Press the reset button, so the board
reboots into U-boot again and go back to point 1.
3. Set the "bootcmd" variable to disable the dual-boot feature of the
system and ensure that uImage is loaded. This is critical step, and
needs to be done only on initial installation.
> setenv bootcmd "bootm 0x9f040000"
> saveenv
4. Boot the OpenWrt initramfs using TFTP. Replace IP addresses as needed:
> setenv serverip 192.168.1.2
> setenv ipaddr 192.168.1.1
> tftpboot 0x81000000 openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7321-initramfs-kernel.bin
> bootm 0x81000000
5. Optional, but highly recommended: back up contents of "firmware" partition:
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1 cat /dev/mtd1 > ruckus_zf7321_fw1_backup.bin
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1 cat /dev/mtd5 > ruckus_zf7321_fw2_backup.bin
6. Copy over sysupgrade image, and perform actual installation. OpenWrt
shall boot from flash afterwards:
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1
# sysupgrade -n openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7321-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin
[2] Using stock root shell:
0. Reset the device to factory defaullts. Power-on the device and after
it boots, hold the reset button near Ethernet connectors for 5
seconds.
1. Connect the device to the network. It will acquire address over DHCP,
so either find its address using list of DHCP leases by looking for
label MAC address, or try finding it by scanning for SSH port:
$ nmap 10.42.0.0/24 -p22
From now on, we assume your computer has address 10.42.0.1 and the device
has address 10.42.0.254.
2. Set up a TFTP server on your computer. We assume that TFTP server
root is at /srv/tftp.
3. Obtain root shell. Connect to the device over SSH. The SSHD ond the
frmware is pretty ancient and requires enabling HMAC-MD5.
$ ssh 10.42.0.254 \
-o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null \
-o StrictHostKeyCheking=no \
-o MACs=hmac-md5
Login. User is "super", password is "sp-admin".
Now execute a hidden command:
Ruckus
It is case-sensitive. Copy and paste the following string,
including quotes. There will be no output on the console for that.
";/bin/sh;"
Hit "enter". The AP will respond with:
grrrr
OK
Now execute another hidden command:
!v54!
At "What's your chow?" prompt just hit "enter".
Congratulations, you should now be dropped to Busybox shell with root
permissions.
4. Optional, but highly recommended: backup the flash contents before
installation. At your PC ensure the device can write the firmware
over TFTP:
$ sudo touch /srv/tftp/ruckus_zf7321_firmware{1,2}.bin
$ sudo chmod 666 /srv/tftp/ruckus_zf7321_firmware{1,2}.bin
Locate partitions for primary and secondary firmware image.
NEVER blindly copy over MTD nodes, because MTD indices change
depending on the currently active firmware, and all partitions are
writable!
# grep rcks_wlan /proc/mtd
Copy over both images using TFTP, this will be useful in case you'd
like to return to stock FW in future. Make sure to backup both, as
OpenWrt uses bot firmwre partitions for storage!
# tftp -l /dev/<rcks_wlan.main_mtd> -r ruckus_zf7321_firmware1.bin -p 10.42.0.1
# tftp -l /dev/<rcks_wlan.bkup_mtd> -r ruckus_zf7321_firmware2.bin -p 10.42.0.1
When the command finishes, copy over the dump to a safe place for
storage.
$ cp /srv/tftp/ruckus_zf7321_firmware{1,2}.bin ~/
5. Ensure the system is running from the BACKUP image, i.e. from
rcks_wlan.bkup partition or "image 2". Otherwise the installation
WILL fail, and you will need to access mtd0 device to write image
which risks overwriting the bootloader, and so is not covered here
and not supported.
Switching to backup firmware can be achieved by executing a few
consecutive reboots of the device, or by updating the stock firmware. The
system will boot from the image it was not running from previously.
Stock firmware available to update was conveniently dumped in point 4 :-)
6. Prepare U-boot environment image.
Install u-boot-tools package. Alternatively, if you build your own
images, OpenWrt provides mkenvimage in host staging directory as well.
It is recommended to extract environment from the device, and modify
it, rather then relying on defaults:
$ sudo touch /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin
$ sudo chmod 666 /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin
On the device, find the MTD partition on which environment resides.
Beware, it may change depending on currently active firmware image!
# grep u-boot-env /proc/mtd
Now, copy over the partition
# tftp -l /dev/mtd<N> -r u-boot-env.bin -p 10.42.0.1
Store the stock environment in a safe place:
$ cp /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin ~/
Extract the values from the dump:
$ strings u-boot-env.bin | tee u-boot-env.txt
Now clean up the debris at the end of output, you should end up with
each variable defined once. After that, set the bootcmd variable like
this:
bootcmd=bootm 0x9f040000
You should end up with something like this:
bootcmd=bootm 0x9f040000
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 rootfstype=squashfs init=/sbin/init
baudrate=115200
ethaddr=0x00:0xaa:0xbb:0xcc:0xdd:0xee
mtdparts=mtdparts=ar7100-nor0:256k(u-boot),13312k(rcks_wlan.main),2048k(datafs),256k(u-boot-env),512k(Board Data),13312k(rcks_wlan.bkup)
mtdids=nor0=ar7100-nor0
bootdelay=2
ethact=eth0
filesize=78a000
fileaddr=81000000
partition=nor0,0
mtddevnum=0
mtddevname=u-boot
ipaddr=10.0.0.1
serverip=10.0.0.5
stdin=serial
stdout=serial
stderr=serial
These are the defaults, you can use most likely just this as input to
mkenvimage.
Now, create environment image and copy it over to TFTP root:
$ mkenvimage -s 0x40000 -b -o u-boot-env.bin u-boot-env.txt
$ sudo cp u-boot-env.bin /srv/tftp
This is the same image, gzipped and base64-encoded:
H4sIAAAAAAAAA+3QQW7TQBQAUF8EKRtQI6XtJDS0VJoN4gYcAE3iCbWS2MF2Sss1ORDYqVq6YMEB3rP0
Z/7Yf+aP3/56827VNP16X8Zx3E/Cw8dNuAqDYlxI7bcurpu6a3Y59v3jlzCbz5eLECbt8HbT9Y+HHLvv
x9TdbbpJVVd9vOxWVX05TotVOpZt6nN8qilyf5fKso3hIYTb8JDSEFarIazXQyjLIeRc7PvykNq+iy+T
1F7PQzivmzbcLpYftmfH87G56Wz+/v18sT1r19vu649dqi/2qaqns0W4utmelalPm27I/lac5/p+OluO
NZ+a1JaTz8M3/9hmtT0epmMjVdnF8djXLZx+TJl36TEuTlda93EYQrGpdrmrfuZ4fZPGHzjmp/vezMNJ
MV6n6qumPm06C+MRZb6vj/v4Mk/7HJ+6LarDqXweLsZnXnS5vc9tdXheWRbd0GIdh/Uq7cakOfavsty2
z1nxGwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD+1x9eTkHLAAAEAA==
7. Perform actual installation. Copy over OpenWrt sysupgrade image to
TFTP root:
$ sudo cp openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7321-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin /srv/tftp
Now load both to the device over TFTP:
# tftp -l /tmp/u-boot-env.bin -r u-boot-env.bin -g 10.42.0.1
# tftp -l /tmp/openwrt.bin -r openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7321-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin -g 10.42.0.1
Vverify checksums of both images to ensure the transfer over TFTP
was completed:
# sha256sum /tmp/u-boot-env.bin /tmp/openwrt.bin
And compare it against source images:
$ sha256sum /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin /srv/tftp/openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7321-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin
Locate MTD partition of the primary image:
# grep rcks_wlan.main /proc/mtd
Now, write the images in place. Write U-boot environment last, so
unit still can boot from backup image, should power failure occur during
this. Replace MTD placeholders with real MTD nodes:
# flashcp /tmp/openwrt.bin /dev/<rcks_wlan.main_mtd>
# flashcp /tmp/u-boot-env.bin /dev/<u-boot-env_mtd>
Finally, reboot the device. The device should directly boot into
OpenWrt. Look for the characteristic power LED blinking pattern.
# reboot -f
After unit boots, it should be available at the usual 192.168.1.1/24.
Return to factory firmware:
1. Boot into OpenWrt initramfs as for initial installation. To do that
without disassembly, you can write an initramfs image to the device
using 'sysupgrade -F' first.
2. Unset the "bootcmd" variable:
fw_setenv bootcmd ""
3. Write factory images downloaded from manufacturer website into
fwconcat0 and fwconcat1 MTD partitions, or restore backup you took
before installation:
mtd write ruckus_zf7321_fw1_backup.bin /dev/mtd1
mtd write ruckus_zf7321_fw2_backup.bin /dev/mtd5
4. Reboot the system, it should load into factory firmware again.
Quirks and known issues:
- Flash layout is changed from the factory, to use both firmware image
partitions for storage using mtd-concat, and uImage format is used to
actually boot the system, which rules out the dual-boot capability.
- The 5GHz radio has its own EEPROM on board, not connected to CPU.
- The stock firmware has dual-boot capability, which is not supported in
OpenWrt by choice.
It is controlled by data in the top 64kB of RAM which is unmapped,
to avoid the interference in the boot process and accidental
switch to the inactive image, although boot script presence in
form of "bootcmd" variable should prevent this entirely.
- U-boot disables JTAG when starting. To re-enable it, you need to
execute the following command before booting:
mw.l 1804006c 40
And also you need to disable the reset button in device tree if you
intend to debug Linux, because reset button on GPIO0 shares the TCK
pin.
- On some versions of stock firmware, it is possible to obtain root shell,
however not much is available in terms of debugging facitilies.
1. Login to the rkscli
2. Execute hidden command "Ruckus"
3. Copy and paste ";/bin/sh;" including quotes. This is required only
once, the payload will be stored in writable filesystem.
4. Execute hidden command "!v54!". Press Enter leaving empty reply for
"What's your chow?" prompt.
5. Busybox shell shall open.
Source: https://alephsecurity.com/vulns/aleph-2019014
Signed-off-by: Lech Perczak <lech.perczak@gmail.com>
Ruckus ZoneFlex 7372 is a dual-band, dual-radio 802.11n 2x2 MIMO enterprise
access point.
Ruckus ZoneFlex 7352 is also supported, lacking the 5GHz radio part.
Hardware highligts:
- CPU: Atheros AR9344 SoC at 560 MHz
- RAM: 128MB DDR2
- Flash: 32MB SPI-NOR
- Wi-Fi 2.4GHz: AR9344 built-in 2x2 MIMO radio
- Wi-Fi 5Ghz: AR9582 2x2 MIMO radio (Only in ZF7372)
- Antennas:
- Separate internal active antennas with beamforming support on both
bands with 7 elements per band, each controlled by 74LV164 GPIO
expanders, attached to GPIOs of each radio.
- Two dual-band external RP-SMA antenna connections on "7372-E"
variant.
- Ethernet 1: single Gigabit Ethernet port through AR8035 gigabit PHY
- Ethernet 2: single Fast Ethernet port through AR9344 built-in switch
- PoE: input through Gigabit port
- Standalone 12V/1A power input
- USB: optional single USB 2.0 host port on "-U" variants.
The same image should support:
- ZoneFlex 7372E (variant with external antennas, without beamforming
capability)
- ZoneFlex 7352 (single-band, 2.4GHz-only variant).
which are based on same baseboard (codename St. Bernard),
with different populated components.
Serial console: 115200-8-N-1 on internal H1 header.
Pinout:
H1
---
|5|
---
|4|
---
|3|
---
|x|
---
|1|
---
Pin 5 is near the "H1" marking.
1 - RX
x - no pin
3 - VCC (3.3V)
4 - GND
5 - TX
JTAG: Connector H2, similar to MIPS eJTAG, standard,
but without the key in pin 12 and not every pin routed:
------- H2
|1 |2 |
-------
|3 |4 |
-------
|5 |6 |
-------
|7 |8 |
-------
|9 |10|
-------
|11|12|
-------
|13|14|
-------
3 - TDI
5 - TDO
7 - TMS
9 - TCK
2,4,6,8,10 - GND
14 - Vref
1,11,12,13 - Not connected
Installation:
There are two methods of installation:
- Using serial console [1] - requires some disassembly, 3.3V USB-Serial
adapter, TFTP server, and removing a single T10 screw,
but with much less manual steps, and is generally recommended, being
safer.
- Using stock firmware root shell exploit, SSH and TFTP [2]. Does not
work on some rare versions of stock firmware. A more involved, and
requires installing `mkenvimage` from u-boot-tools package if you
choose to rebuild your own environment, but can be used without
disassembly or removal from installation point, if you have the
credentials.
If for some reason, size of your sysupgrade image exceeds 13312kB,
proceed with method [1]. For official images this is not likely to
happen ever.
[1] Using serial console:
0. Connect serial console to H1 header. Ensure the serial converter
does not back-power the board, otherwise it will fail to boot.
1. Power-on the board. Then quickly connect serial converter to PC and
hit Ctrl+C in the terminal to break boot sequence. If you're lucky,
you'll enter U-boot shell. Then skip to point 3.
Connection parameters are 115200-8-N-1.
2. Allow the board to boot. Press the reset button, so the board
reboots into U-boot again and go back to point 1.
3. Set the "bootcmd" variable to disable the dual-boot feature of the
system and ensure that uImage is loaded. This is critical step, and
needs to be done only on initial installation.
> setenv bootcmd "bootm 0x9f040000"
> saveenv
4. Boot the OpenWrt initramfs using TFTP. Replace IP addresses as needed:
> setenv serverip 192.168.1.2
> setenv ipaddr 192.168.1.1
> tftpboot 0x81000000 openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7372-initramfs-kernel.bin
> bootm 0x81000000
5. Optional, but highly recommended: back up contents of "firmware" partition:
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1 cat /dev/mtd1 > ruckus_zf7372_fw1_backup.bin
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1 cat /dev/mtd5 > ruckus_zf7372_fw2_backup.bin
6. Copy over sysupgrade image, and perform actual installation. OpenWrt
shall boot from flash afterwards:
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1
# sysupgrade -n openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7372-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin
[2] Using stock root shell:
0. Reset the device to factory defaullts. Power-on the device and after
it boots, hold the reset button near Ethernet connectors for 5
seconds.
1. Connect the device to the network. It will acquire address over DHCP,
so either find its address using list of DHCP leases by looking for
label MAC address, or try finding it by scanning for SSH port:
$ nmap 10.42.0.0/24 -p22
From now on, we assume your computer has address 10.42.0.1 and the device
has address 10.42.0.254.
2. Set up a TFTP server on your computer. We assume that TFTP server
root is at /srv/tftp.
3. Obtain root shell. Connect to the device over SSH. The SSHD ond the
frmware is pretty ancient and requires enabling HMAC-MD5.
$ ssh 10.42.0.254 \
-o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null \
-o StrictHostKeyCheking=no \
-o MACs=hmac-md5
Login. User is "super", password is "sp-admin".
Now execute a hidden command:
Ruckus
It is case-sensitive. Copy and paste the following string,
including quotes. There will be no output on the console for that.
";/bin/sh;"
Hit "enter". The AP will respond with:
grrrr
OK
Now execute another hidden command:
!v54!
At "What's your chow?" prompt just hit "enter".
Congratulations, you should now be dropped to Busybox shell with root
permissions.
4. Optional, but highly recommended: backup the flash contents before
installation. At your PC ensure the device can write the firmware
over TFTP:
$ sudo touch /srv/tftp/ruckus_zf7372_firmware{1,2}.bin
$ sudo chmod 666 /srv/tftp/ruckus_zf7372_firmware{1,2}.bin
Locate partitions for primary and secondary firmware image.
NEVER blindly copy over MTD nodes, because MTD indices change
depending on the currently active firmware, and all partitions are
writable!
# grep rcks_wlan /proc/mtd
Copy over both images using TFTP, this will be useful in case you'd
like to return to stock FW in future. Make sure to backup both, as
OpenWrt uses bot firmwre partitions for storage!
# tftp -l /dev/<rcks_wlan.main_mtd> -r ruckus_zf7372_firmware1.bin -p 10.42.0.1
# tftp -l /dev/<rcks_wlan.bkup_mtd> -r ruckus_zf7372_firmware2.bin -p 10.42.0.1
When the command finishes, copy over the dump to a safe place for
storage.
$ cp /srv/tftp/ruckus_zf7372_firmware{1,2}.bin ~/
5. Ensure the system is running from the BACKUP image, i.e. from
rcks_wlan.bkup partition or "image 2". Otherwise the installation
WILL fail, and you will need to access mtd0 device to write image
which risks overwriting the bootloader, and so is not covered here
and not supported.
Switching to backup firmware can be achieved by executing a few
consecutive reboots of the device, or by updating the stock firmware. The
system will boot from the image it was not running from previously.
Stock firmware available to update was conveniently dumped in point 4 :-)
6. Prepare U-boot environment image.
Install u-boot-tools package. Alternatively, if you build your own
images, OpenWrt provides mkenvimage in host staging directory as well.
It is recommended to extract environment from the device, and modify
it, rather then relying on defaults:
$ sudo touch /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin
$ sudo chmod 666 /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin
On the device, find the MTD partition on which environment resides.
Beware, it may change depending on currently active firmware image!
# grep u-boot-env /proc/mtd
Now, copy over the partition
# tftp -l /dev/mtd<N> -r u-boot-env.bin -p 10.42.0.1
Store the stock environment in a safe place:
$ cp /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin ~/
Extract the values from the dump:
$ strings u-boot-env.bin | tee u-boot-env.txt
Now clean up the debris at the end of output, you should end up with
each variable defined once. After that, set the bootcmd variable like
this:
bootcmd=bootm 0x9f040000
You should end up with something like this:
bootcmd=bootm 0x9f040000
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 rootfstype=squashfs init=/sbin/init
baudrate=115200
ethaddr=0x00:0xaa:0xbb:0xcc:0xdd:0xee
bootdelay=2
mtdids=nor0=ar7100-nor0
mtdparts=mtdparts=ar7100-nor0:256k(u-boot),13312k(rcks_wlan.main),2048k(datafs),256k(u-boot-env),512k(Board Data),13312k(rcks_wlan.bkup)
ethact=eth0
filesize=1000000
fileaddr=81000000
ipaddr=192.168.0.7
serverip=192.168.0.51
partition=nor0,0
mtddevnum=0
mtddevname=u-boot
stdin=serial
stdout=serial
stderr=serial
These are the defaults, you can use most likely just this as input to
mkenvimage.
Now, create environment image and copy it over to TFTP root:
$ mkenvimage -s 0x40000 -b -o u-boot-env.bin u-boot-env.txt
$ sudo cp u-boot-env.bin /srv/tftp
This is the same image, gzipped and base64-encoded:
H4sIAAAAAAAAA+3QTW7TQBQAYB+AQ2TZSGk6Tpv+SbNBrNhyADSJHWolsYPtlJaDcAWOCXaqQhdIXOD7
Fm/ee+MZ+/nHu58fV03Tr/dFHNf9JDzdbcJVGGRjI7Vfurhu6q7ZlbHvnz+FWZ4vFyFM2mF30/XPhzJ2
X4+pe9h0k6qu+njRrar6YkyzVToWberL+HImK/uHVBRtDE8h3IenlIawWg1hvR5CUQyhLE/vLcpdeo6L
bN8XVdHFumlDTO1NHsL5mI/9Q2r7Lv5J3uzeL5bX27Pj+XjRdJZfXuaL7Vm73nafv+1SPd+nqp7OFuHq
dntWpD5tuqH6e+K8rB+ns+V45n2T2mLyYXjmH9estsfD9DTSuo/DErJNtSu76vswbjg5NU4D3752qsOp
zu8W8/z6dh7mN1lXto9lWx3eNJd5Ng5V9VVTn2afnSYuysf6uI9/8rQv48s3Z93wn+o4XFWl3Vg0x/5N
Vbbta5X9AgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAID/+Q2Z/B7cAAAEAA==
7. Perform actual installation. Copy over OpenWrt sysupgrade image to
TFTP root:
$ sudo cp openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7372-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin /srv/tftp
Now load both to the device over TFTP:
# tftp -l /tmp/u-boot-env.bin -r u-boot-env.bin -g 10.42.0.1
# tftp -l /tmp/openwrt.bin -r openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7372-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin -g 10.42.0.1
Verify checksums of both images to ensure the transfer over TFTP
was completed:
# sha256sum /tmp/u-boot-env.bin /tmp/openwrt.bin
And compare it against source images:
$ sha256sum /srv/tftp/u-boot-env.bin /srv/tftp/openwrt-ath79-generic-ruckus_zf7372-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin
Locate MTD partition of the primary image:
# grep rcks_wlan.main /proc/mtd
Now, write the images in place. Write U-boot environment last, so
unit still can boot from backup image, should power failure occur during
this. Replace MTD placeholders with real MTD nodes:
# flashcp /tmp/openwrt.bin /dev/<rcks_wlan.main_mtd>
# flashcp /tmp/u-boot-env.bin /dev/<u-boot-env_mtd>
Finally, reboot the device. The device should directly boot into
OpenWrt. Look for the characteristic power LED blinking pattern.
# reboot -f
After unit boots, it should be available at the usual 192.168.1.1/24.
Return to factory firmware:
1. Boot into OpenWrt initramfs as for initial installation. To do that
without disassembly, you can write an initramfs image to the device
using 'sysupgrade -F' first.
2. Unset the "bootcmd" variable:
fw_setenv bootcmd ""
3. Write factory images downloaded from manufacturer website into
fwconcat0 and fwconcat1 MTD partitions, or restore backup you took
before installation:
mtd write ruckus_zf7372_fw1_backup.bin /dev/mtd1
mtd write ruckus_zf7372_fw2_backup.bin /dev/mtd5
4. Reboot the system, it should load into factory firmware again.
Quirks and known issues:
- This is first device in ath79 target to support link state reporting
on FE port attached trough the built-in switch.
- Flash layout is changed from the factory, to use both firmware image
partitions for storage using mtd-concat, and uImage format is used to
actually boot the system, which rules out the dual-boot capability.
The 5GHz radio has its own EEPROM on board, not connected to CPU.
- The stock firmware has dual-boot capability, which is not supported in
OpenWrt by choice.
It is controlled by data in the top 64kB of RAM which is unmapped,
to avoid the interference in the boot process and accidental
switch to the inactive image, although boot script presence in
form of "bootcmd" variable should prevent this entirely.
- U-boot disables JTAG when starting. To re-enable it, you need to
execute the following command before booting:
mw.l 1804006c 40
And also you need to disable the reset button in device tree if you
intend to debug Linux, because reset button on GPIO0 shares the TCK
pin.
- On some versions of stock firmware, it is possible to obtain root shell,
however not much is available in terms of debugging facitilies.
1. Login to the rkscli
2. Execute hidden command "Ruckus"
3. Copy and paste ";/bin/sh;" including quotes. This is required only
once, the payload will be stored in writable filesystem.
4. Execute hidden command "!v54!". Press Enter leaving empty reply for
"What's your chow?" prompt.
5. Busybox shell shall open.
Source: https://alephsecurity.com/vulns/aleph-2019014
- Stock firmware has beamforming functionality, known as BeamFlex,
using active multi-segment antennas on both bands - controlled by
RF analog switches, driven by a pair of 74LV164 shift registers.
Shift registers used for each radio are connected to GPIO14 (clock)
and GPIO15 of the respective chip.
They are mapped as generic GPIOs in OpenWrt - in stock firmware,
they were most likely handled directly by radio firmware,
given the real-time nature of their control.
Lack of this support in OpenWrt causes the antennas to behave as
ordinary omnidirectional antennas, and does not affect throughput in
normal conditions, but GPIOs are available to tinker with nonetheless.
Signed-off-by: Lech Perczak <lech.perczak@gmail.com>
Return to using the OpenWrt kernel loader to decompress and load kernel
initram image.
Continue to use the vmlinuz kernel for squashfs.
Mikrotik's bootloader RouterBOOT on some ath79 devices is
failing to boot the current initram, due to the size of the initram image.
On the ath79 wAP-ac:
a 5.7MiB initram image would fail to boot
After this change:
a 6.6MiB initram image successfully loads
This partially reverts commit e91344776b.
An alternative of using RouterBOOT's capability of loading an initrd ELF
section was investigated, but the OpenWrt kernel loader allows larger image.
Signed-off-by: John Thomson <git@johnthomson.fastmail.com.au>
End-users may need to be able to rewrite u-boot configuration on the
WS-AP3825i, which has had repeated issues with the exact configuration
of u-boot, e.g. commit 1d06277407 ("mpc85xx: Fix output location of
padded dtb") (alongside other failures documented for example in this
post[^1] from the main AP3825i porting thread).
To assist with this, remove the `read-only` property from the u-boot
configuration partitions cfg1 and cfg2.
[^1]: https://forum.openwrt.org/t/adding-openwrt-support-for-ws-ap3825i/101168/107
Signed-off-by: Martin Kennedy <hurricos@gmail.com>
Backports patch, which is currently on review [1] for kernel 5.10 and
kernel 5.15, where it applies cleanly. This was tested on CZ.NIC Turris
1.1 router running OpenWrt 21.02.03 with kernel 5.15.
Before:
- In /var/log/messages:
```
[ 16.392988] lm90 0-004c: cannot request IRQ 48
[ 16.398280] lm90: probe of 0-004c failed with error -22
```
- Sensors does not work:
```
root@turris:~# sensors
No sensors found!
Make sure you loaded all the kernel drivers you need.
Try sensors-detect to find out which these are.
```
After:
```
root@turris:/# sensors
sa56004-i2c-0-4c
Adapter: MPC adapter (i2c@3000)
temp1: +44.0°C (low = +0.0°C, high = +70.0°C)
(crit = +85.0°C, hyst = +75.0°C)
temp2: +73.8°C (low = +0.0°C, high = +70.0°C) ALARM (HIGH)
(crit = +85.0°C, hyst = +75.0°C)
```
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-gpio/20220906105431.30911-1-pali@kernel.org/
Signed-off-by: Josef Schlehofer <pepe.schlehofer@gmail.com>
RT-N600 is internally the same as RT-AC1200, as veryfied by @russinnes .
Adding alt_name so that people can find it in firmware selector.
Signed-off-by: Ray Wang <raywang777@foxmail.com>
Tested-by: Russ Innes <russ.innes@gmail.com>
Aka Kroks Rt-Cse5 UW DRSIM (KNdRt31R16), ID 1958:
https://kroks.ru/search/?text=1958
See Kroks OpenWrt fork for support of other models:
https://github.com/kroks-free/openwrt
Device specs:
- CPU: MediaTek MT7628AN
- Flash: 16MB SPI NOR
- RAM: 64MB
- Bootloader: U-Boot
- Ethernet: 5x 10/100 Mbps
- 2.4 GHz: b/g/n SoC
- USB: 1x
- SIM-reader: 2x (driven by a dedicated chip with it's own firmware)
- Buttons: reset
- LEDs: 1x Power, 1x Wi-Fi, 12x others (SIM status, Internet, etc.)
Flashing:
- sysupgrade image via stock firmware WEB interface, IP: 192.168.1.254
- U-Boot launches a WEB server if Reset button is held during power up,
IP: 192.168.1.1
MAC addresses as verified by OEM firmware:
vendor OpenWrt source
LAN eth0 factory 0x4 (label)
2g wlan0 label
Signed-off-by: Andrey Butirsky <butirsky@gmail.com>
Aka "Kroks KNdRt31R19".
Ported from v19.07.8 of OpenWrt fork:
see https://github.com/kroks-free/openwrt
for support of other models.
Device specs:
- CPU: MediaTek MT7628AN
- Flash: 16MB SPI NOR
- RAM: 64MB
- Bootloader: U-Boot
- Ethernet: 1x 10/100 Mbps
- 2.4 GHz: b/g/n SoC
- mPCIe: 1x (usually equipped with an LTE modem by vendor)
- Buttons: reset
- LEDs: 1x Modem, 1x Injector, 1x Wi-Fi, 1x Status
Flashing:
- sysupgrade image via stock firmware WEB interface.
- U-Boot launches a WEB server if Reset button is held during power up.
Server IP: 192.168.1.1
SIM card switching:
The device supports up to 4 SIM cards - 2 locally on board and 2 on
remote SIM-injector.
By default, 1-st local SIM is active.
To switch to e.g. 1-st remote SIM:
echo 0 > /sys/class/gpio/modem1power/value
echo 0 > /sys/class/gpio/modem1sim1/value
echo 1 > /sys/class/gpio/modem1rsim1/value
echo 1 > /sys/class/gpio/modem1power/value
MAC addresses as verified by OEM firmware:
vendor OpenWrt source
LAN eth0 factory 0x4 (label)
2g wlan0 label
Signed-off-by: Kroks <dev@kroks.ru>
[butirsky@gmail.com: port to master; drop dts-v1]
Signed-off-by: Andrey Butirsky <butirsky@gmail.com>
This patch adds libbpf to the dependencies of tc-mod-iptables.
The package tc-mod-iptables is missing libbpf as a dependency,
which leads to the build failure described in bug #9491
LIBBPF_FORCE=on set, but couldn't find a usable libbpf
The build dependency is already automatically added because some other
packages from iproute2 depend on libbpf, but bpftools has multiple build
variants. With multiple build variants none gets build by default and
the build system will not build bpftools before iproute2.
Fixes: #9491
Signed-off-by: Kien Truong <duckientruong@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Hauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Add Kernel config for testing Linux 5.15 for the mt7620 subtarget.
Tested on Youku YK-L1 which boots fine.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
This is an RTL8393-based switch with 802.3af on all 48 ports.
Specifications:
---------------
* SoC: Realtek RTL8393M
* Flash: 32 MiB SPI flash
* RAM: 256 MiB
* Ethernet: 48x 10/100/1000 Mbps with PoE+
* Buttons: 1x "Reset" button, 1x "Speed" button
* UART: 1x serial header, unpopulated
* PoE: 12x TI TPS23861 I2C PoE controller, 384W PoE budget
* SFP: 4 SFP ports
Works:
------
- (48) RJ-45 ethernet ports
- Switch functions
- Buttons
- All LEDs on front panel except port LEDs
- Fan monitoring and basic control
Not yet enabled:
----------------
- PoE - ICs are not in AUTO mode, so the kernel driver is not usable
- Port LEDs
- SFP cages
Install via web interface:
-------------------------
Not supported at this time.
Install via serial console/tftp:
--------------------------------
The U-Boot firmware drops to a TP-Link specific "BOOTUTIL" shell at
38400 baud. There is no known way to exit out of this shell, and no
way to do anything useful.
Ideally, one would trick the bootloader into flashing the sysupgrade
image first. However, if the image exceeds 6MiB in size, it will not
work. To install OpenWRT:
Prepare a tftp server with:
1. server address: 192.168.0.146
2. the image as: "uImage.img"
Power on device, and stop boot by pressing any key.
Once the shell is active:
1. Ground out the CLK (pin 16) of the ROM (U6)
2. Select option "3. Start"
3. Bootloader notes that "The kernel has been damaged!"
4. Release CLK as soon as bootloader thinks image is corrupted.
5. Bootloader enters automatic recovery -- details printed on console
6. Watch as the bootloader flashes and boots OpenWRT.
Blind install via tftp:
-----------------------
This method works when it's not feasible to install a serial header.
Prepare a tftp server with:
1. server address: 192.168.0.146
2. the image as: "uImage.img"
3. Watch network traffic (tcpdump or wireshark works)
4. Power on the device.
5. Wait 1-2 seconds then ground out the CLK (pin 16) of the ROM (U6)
6. When 192.168.0.30 makes tftp requests, release pin 16
7. Wait 2-3 minutes for device to auto-flash and boot OpenWRT
Signed-off-by: Andreas Böhler <dev@aboehler.at>
The Meraki MX100 has ten 1000BASE-T and 2 SFP ethernet ports through
3, 4-port PCIe devices. The default enumeration of these network
devices' names does not correspond to their labeling. Fix this by
explicitly naming the devices, mapping against their sysfs path.
Note that these default network names can only be up to 8 characters,
because we can have up to 8 characters of modifiers (e.g. ^br-,
.4096$), and because the maximum network interface name is 16
characters long.
Signed-off-by: Martin Kennedy <hurricos@gmail.com>
[lowercase subject]
Signed-off-by: Paul Spooren <mail@aparcar.org>
Some platforms lack an established way to name netdevs; for example,
on x86, PCIe-based ethernet interfaces will be named starting from
eth0 in the order they are probed. This is a problem for many devices
supported explicitly by OpenWrt which have hard-wired, standalone or
on-CPU NICs not supported by DSA (which is usually used to rename the
ports based on their ostensible function).
To fix this, add a mapping between ethernet device name and sysfs
device path to board.json; this allows us to configure ethernet device
names we know about for a given board so that they correspond to
external labeling.
Signed-off-by: Martin Kennedy <hurricos@gmail.com>
Building images usally stores them in KDIR_TMP and then copies them over
to BIN_DIR. This is fine as rebuilding of images overwrites existing
images. When using the EXTRA_IMAGE_NAME variable frequently this fills
up the ImageBuilder KDIR_TMP folder since every built image is stored
forever.
This commit clears the KDIR_TMP folder before building a new image.
Below an example how sysupgrade.openwrt.org filled up after the release
of 22.03.0 where every created image contains a hash of the package
selction in the filename:
aparcar@asu-01:~/asu/worker1/cache/22.03.0$ du -d 1 -h
400M ./kirkwood
260M ./gemini
2.0G ./ipq806x
1.7G ./ipq40xx
8.1G ./ramips
4.0K ./octeon
495M ./sunxi
728M ./lantiq
1.8G ./rockchip
3.7G ./mediatek
4.0K ./realtek
5.4G ./mvebu
8.9G ./ath79
3.0G ./bcm47xx
14G ./bcm27xx
11G ./x86
4.0K ./bcm63xx
312M ./mpc85xx
600M ./apm821xx
5.4G ./bcm53xx
66G .
Signed-off-by: Paul Spooren <mail@aparcar.org>
The GPIO used for the RST button is also used for PCIe-CLKREQ signal.
Hence it cannot be used as button signal if PCIe is also used.
Wire up WPS button to serve as KEY_RESTART in Linux and "reset" button
in U-Boot.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
It allows prepopulating /etc/config/network interface-s with predefined
metric. It may be useful for devices with multiple WAN ports.
Signed-off-by: Rafał Miłecki <rafal@milecki.pl>
Remove flags from wget and curl instructing them to ignore bad server
certificates. Although other mechanisms can protect against malicious
modifications of downloads, other vectors of attack may be available
to an adversary.
TLS certificate verification can be disabled by turning oof the
"Enable TLS certificate verification during package download" option
enabled by default in the "Global build settings" in "make menuconfig"
Signed-off-by: Josh Roys <roysjosh@gmail.com>
[ add additional info on how to disable this option ]
Signed-off-by: Christian Marangi <ansuelsmth@gmail.com>
Cache external toolchain for each target to remove load from openwrt cdn
server and make the external toolchain setup quicker.
Signed-off-by: Christian Marangi <ansuelsmth@gmail.com>
The package kmod-btmtkuart is specific for MT7622 and isn't available
for MT7986 (which doesn't have this built-in Bluetooth like MT7622).
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
The bump to Linux 5.15.67 brought some changes in the VC4 display
driver which we had also patched downstream. Fix our local patches to
fix the build.
Fixes: fbe2f7db86 ("kernel: bump 5.15 to 5.15.67")
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
Add the aliases sections required to detect LEDs specific to OpenWrt
boot / update indication for the NanoPi R4S.
Signed-off-by: David Bauer <mail@david-bauer.net>
Ensure the MAC address for all NanoPi R4S boards is assigned unique for
each board.
FriendlyElec ship two versions of the R4S: The standard as well as the
enterprise edition with only the enterprise edition including the EEPROM
chip that stores the unique MAC address.
In order to assign both board types unique MAC addresses, fall back on
the same method used for the NanoPi R2S in case the EEPROM chip is not
present by generating the board MAC from the SD card CID.
[0] https://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/NanoPi_R4S#Differences_Between_R4S_Standard_Version_.26_R4S_Enterprise_Version
Signed-off-by: David Bauer <mail@david-bauer.net>
The previous fixup was incomplete, and the offsets for the
queue and crc_error cpu_tag bitfields were still wrong on
RTL839x.
Fixes: 545c6113c9 ("realtek: fix RTL838x receive tag decoding")
Suggested-by: Jan Hoffmann <jan@3e8.eu>
Signed-off-by: Bjørn Mork <bjorn@mork.no>
btusb fails to start on MT792[12] hardware without the appropriate
firmware being loaded first:
[ 9.750285] bluetooth hci0: Direct firmware load for mediatek/BT_RAM_CODE_MT7961_1_2_hdr.bin failed with error -2
[ 9.765723] bluetooth hci0: Falling back to sysfs fallback for: mediatek/BT_RAM_CODE_MT7961_1_2_hdr.bin
Package firmware for MediaTek MT792[12] Bluetooth from linux-firmware.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
Enable MediaTek protocol in btusb module to support e.g. the Bluetooth
part of the MT7921K NGFF/M.2 module.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
The 213 patch is missing filename suffix. Fix it.
Fixes: dabcaac ("mediatek: add mt7986 soc support to the target")
Signed-off-by: Chukun Pan <amadeus@jmu.edu.cn>
According to the device tree, the lan ports are
lan0 to lan3, and the wan port is eth1.
Fixes: cffc77a ("mediatek: add filogic subtarget")
Signed-off-by: Chukun Pan <amadeus@jmu.edu.cn>
The testing kernel received now multiple months of testing. Set 5.15 as
default to give it a test with a broader audience.
Tested on:
- MikroTik SXTsq 5 AC
- FritzBox 4040/7530
- ZyXEL NBG6617
Signed-off-by: Nick Hainke <vincent@systemli.org>
Add support for in-band managed link status to support SFP cage
connected to port 5 of the MT7531 switch on the Bananapi BPi-R3.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
Commit dc9cc0d3e2 ("realtek: add QoS and rate control") replaced a
16 bit reserved field in the RTL83xx packet header with the initial
cpu_tag word, shifting the real cpu_tag fields by one. Adjusting for
this new shift was partially forgotten in the new RX tag decoders.
This caused the switch to block IGMP, effectively blocking IPv4
multicast.
The bug was partially fixed by commit 9d847244d9 ("realtek: fix
RTL839X receive tag decoding")
Fix on RTL838x too, including correct NIC_RX_REASON_SPECIAL_TRAP value.
Suggested-by: Jan Hoffmann <jan@3e8.eu>
Fixes: dc9cc0d3e2 ("realtek: add QoS and rate control")
Signed-off-by: Bjørn Mork <bjorn@mork.no>
Janusz Dziedzic reported a typo introduced by a recent commit. Fix it.
Fixes: 50c892d67b ("mediatek: bpi-r64: make initramfs/recovery optional")
Signed-off-by: Daniel Golle <daniel@makrotopia.org>
