Support telemetry batching and move WebSocket handling to worker (#7391)

* Support subscription batching from API, Tables, and Plots

* Added batching worker

* Added configurable batch size and throttling rate

* Support batch size based throttling

* Default to latest strategy

* Don't hide original error

* Added copyright statement

* Renamed BatchingWebSocketProvider to BatchingWebSocket

* Adding docs

* renamed class. changed throttling strategy to be driven by the main thread

* Renamed classes

* Added more documentation

* Fixed broken tests

* Addressed review comments

* Clean up and reconnect on websocket close

* Better management of subscription strategies

* Add tests to catch edge cases where two subscribers request different strategies

* Ensure callbacks are invoked with telemetry in the requested format

* Remove console out. Oops

* Fix linting errors

.cspell.json

@@ -493,7 +493,8 @@
     "WCAG",
     "stackedplot",
     "Andale",
-    "checksnapshots"
+    "checksnapshots",
+    "specced"
   ],
   "dictionaries": ["npm", "softwareTerms", "node", "html", "css", "bash", "en_US"],
   "ignorePaths": [

src/api/telemetry/BatchingWebSocket.js

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Open MCT Web, Copyright (c) 2014-2024, United States Government
+ * as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
+ * Administration. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Open MCT Web is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ * Open MCT Web includes source code licensed under additional open source
+ * licenses. See the Open Source Licenses file (LICENSES.md) included with
+ * this source code distribution or the Licensing information page available
+ * at runtime from the About dialog for additional information.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+import installWorker from './WebSocketWorker.js';
+const DEFAULT_RATE_MS = 1000;
+/**
+ * Describes the strategy to be used when batching WebSocket messages
+ *
+ * @typedef BatchingStrategy
+ * @property {Function} shouldBatchMessage a function that accepts a single
+ * argument - the raw message received from the websocket. Every message
+ * received will be evaluated against this function so it should be performant.
+ * Note also that this function is executed in a worker, so it must be
+ * completely self-contained with no external dependencies. The function
+ * should return `true` if the message should be batched, and `false` if not.
+ * @property {Function} getBatchIdFromMessage a function that accepts a
+ * single argument - the raw message received from the websocket. Only messages
+ * where `shouldBatchMessage` has evaluated to true will be passed into this
+ * function. The function should return a unique value on which to batch the
+ * messages. For example a telemetry, channel, or parameter identifier.
+ */
+/**
+ * Provides a reliable and convenient WebSocket abstraction layer that handles
+ * a lot of boilerplate common to managing WebSocket connections such as:
+ * - Establishing a WebSocket connection to a server
+ * - Reconnecting on error, with a fallback strategy
+ * - Queuing messages so that clients can send messages without concern for the current
+ * connection state of the WebSocket.
+ *
+ * The WebSocket that it manages is based in a dedicated worker so that network
+ * concerns are not handled on the main event loop. This allows for performant receipt
+ * and batching of messages without blocking either the UI or server.
+ *
+ * @memberof module:openmct.telemetry
+ */
+class BatchingWebSocket extends EventTarget {
+  #worker;
+  #openmct;
+  #showingRateLimitNotification;
+  #rate;
+
+  constructor(openmct) {
+    super();
+    // Install worker, register listeners etc.
+    const workerFunction = `(${installWorker.toString()})()`;
+    const workerBlob = new Blob([workerFunction]);
+    const workerUrl = URL.createObjectURL(workerBlob, { type: 'application/javascript' });
+    this.#worker = new Worker(workerUrl);
+    this.#openmct = openmct;
+    this.#showingRateLimitNotification = false;
+    this.#rate = DEFAULT_RATE_MS;
+
+    const routeMessageToHandler = this.#routeMessageToHandler.bind(this);
+    this.#worker.addEventListener('message', routeMessageToHandler);
+    openmct.on(
+      'destroy',
+      () => {
+        this.disconnect();
+        URL.revokeObjectURL(workerUrl);
+      },
+      { once: true }
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Will establish a WebSocket connection to the provided url
+   * @param {string} url The URL to connect to
+   */
+  connect(url) {
+    this.#worker.postMessage({
+      type: 'connect',
+      url
+    });
+
+    this.#readyForNextBatch();
+  }
+
+  #readyForNextBatch() {
+    this.#worker.postMessage({
+      type: 'readyForNextBatch'
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Send a message to the WebSocket.
+   * @param {any} message The message to send. Can be any type supported by WebSockets.
+   * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket/send#data
+   */
+  sendMessage(message) {
+    this.#worker.postMessage({
+      type: 'message',
+      message
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the strategy used to both decide which raw messages to batch, and how to group
+   * them.
+   * @param {BatchingStrategy} strategy The batching strategy to use when evaluating
+   * raw messages from the WebSocket.
+   */
+  setBatchingStrategy(strategy) {
+    const serializedStrategy = {
+      shouldBatchMessage: strategy.shouldBatchMessage.toString(),
+      getBatchIdFromMessage: strategy.getBatchIdFromMessage.toString()
+    };
+
+    this.#worker.postMessage({
+      type: 'setBatchingStrategy',
+      serializedStrategy
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * When using batching, sets the rate at which batches of messages are released.
+   * @param {Number} rate the amount of time to wait, in ms, between batches.
+   */
+  setRate(rate) {
+    this.#rate = rate;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param {Number} maxBatchSize the maximum length of a batch of messages. For example,
+   * the maximum number of telemetry values to batch before dropping them
+   * Note that this is a fail-safe that is only invoked if performance drops to the
+   * point where Open MCT cannot keep up with the amount of telemetry it is receiving.
+   * In this event it will sacrifice the oldest telemetry in the batch in favor of the
+   * most recent telemetry. The user will be informed that telemetry has been dropped.
+   *
+   * This should be set appropriately for the expected data rate. eg. If telemetry
+   * is received at 10Hz for each telemetry point, then a minimal combination of batch
+   * size and rate is 10 and 1000 respectively. Ideally you would add some margin, so
+   * 15 would probably be a better batch size.
+   */
+  setMaxBatchSize(maxBatchSize) {
+    this.#worker.postMessage({
+      type: 'setMaxBatchSize',
+      maxBatchSize
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disconnect the associated WebSocket. Generally speaking there is no need to call
+   * this manually.
+   */
+  disconnect() {
+    this.#worker.postMessage({
+      type: 'disconnect'
+    });
+  }
+
+  #routeMessageToHandler(message) {
+    if (message.data.type === 'batch') {
+      if (message.data.batch.dropped === true && !this.#showingRateLimitNotification) {
+        const notification = this.#openmct.notifications.alert(
+          'Telemetry dropped due to client rate limiting.',
+          { hint: 'Refresh individual telemetry views to retrieve dropped telemetry if needed.' }
+        );
+        this.#showingRateLimitNotification = true;
+        notification.once('minimized', () => {
+          this.#showingRateLimitNotification = false;
+        });
+      }
+      this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('batch', { detail: message.data.batch }));
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        this.#readyForNextBatch();
+      }, this.#rate);
+    } else if (message.data.type === 'message') {
+      this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('message', { detail: message.data.message }));
+    } else {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${message.data.type}`);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export default BatchingWebSocket;

src/api/telemetry/TelemetryAPI.js

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import objectUtils from 'objectUtils';
 
 import CustomStringFormatter from '../../plugins/displayLayout/CustomStringFormatter.js';
+import BatchingWebSocket from './BatchingWebSocket.js';
 import DefaultMetadataProvider from './DefaultMetadataProvider.js';
 import TelemetryCollection from './TelemetryCollection.js';
 import TelemetryMetadataManager from './TelemetryMetadataManager.js';
@@ -54,6 +55,28 @@ import TelemetryValueFormatter from './TelemetryValueFormatter.js';
  * @memberof module:openmct.TelemetryAPI~
  */
 
+/**
+ * Describes and bounds requests for telemetry data.
+ *
+ * @typedef TelemetrySubscriptionOptions
+ * @property {String} [strategy] symbolic identifier directing providers on how
+ * to handle telemetry subscriptions. The default behavior is 'latest' which will
+ * always return a single telemetry value with each callback, and in the event
+ * of throttling will always prioritize the latest data, meaning intermediate
+ * data will be skipped. Alternatively, the `batch` strategy can be used, which
+ * will return all telemetry values since the last callback. This strategy is
+ * useful for cases where intermediate data is important, such as when
+ * rendering a telemetry plot or table. If `batch` is specified, the subscription
+ * callback will be invoked with an Array.
+ *
+ * @memberof module:openmct.TelemetryAPI~
+ */
+
+const SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY = {
+  LATEST: 'latest',
+  BATCH: 'batch'
+};
+
 /**
  * Utilities for telemetry
  * @interface TelemetryAPI
@@ -61,6 +84,11 @@ import TelemetryValueFormatter from './TelemetryValueFormatter.js';
  */
 export default class TelemetryAPI {
   #isGreedyLAD;
+  #subscribeCache;
+
+  get SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY() {
+    return SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY;
+  }
 
   constructor(openmct) {
     this.openmct = openmct;
@@ -78,6 +106,8 @@ export default class TelemetryAPI {
     this.valueFormatterCache = new WeakMap();
     this.requestInterceptorRegistry = new TelemetryRequestInterceptorRegistry();
     this.#isGreedyLAD = true;
+    this.BatchingWebSocket = BatchingWebSocket;
+    this.#subscribeCache = {};
   }
 
   abortAllRequests() {
@@ -378,54 +408,111 @@ export default class TelemetryAPI {
    * @memberof module:openmct.TelemetryAPI~TelemetryProvider#
    * @param {module:openmct.DomainObject} domainObject the object
    *        which has associated telemetry
-   * @param {TelemetryRequestOptions} options configuration items for subscription
+   * @param {TelemetrySubscriptionOptions} options configuration items for subscription
    * @param {Function} callback the callback to invoke with new data, as
    *        it becomes available
    * @returns {Function} a function which may be called to terminate
    *          the subscription
    */
-  subscribe(domainObject, callback, options) {
+  subscribe(domainObject, callback, options = { strategy: SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY.LATEST }) {
+    const requestedStrategy = options.strategy || SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY.LATEST;
+
     if (domainObject.type === 'unknown') {
       return () => {};
     }
 
-    const provider = this.findSubscriptionProvider(domainObject);
+    const provider = this.findSubscriptionProvider(domainObject, options);
+    const supportsBatching =
+      Boolean(provider?.supportsBatching) && provider?.supportsBatching(domainObject, options);
 
-    if (!this.subscribeCache) {
+    if (!this.#subscribeCache) {
-      this.subscribeCache = {};
+      this.#subscribeCache = {};
     }
 
     const keyString = objectUtils.makeKeyString(domainObject.identifier);
-    let subscriber = this.subscribeCache[keyString];
+    const supportedStrategy = supportsBatching ? requestedStrategy : SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY.LATEST;
+    // Override the requested strategy with the strategy supported by the provider
+    const optionsWithSupportedStrategy = {
+      ...options,
+      strategy: supportedStrategy
+    };
+    // If batching is supported, we need to cache a subscription for each strategy -
+    // latest and batched.
+    const cacheKey = `${keyString}:${supportedStrategy}`;
+    let subscriber = this.#subscribeCache[cacheKey];
 
     if (!subscriber) {
-      subscriber = this.subscribeCache[keyString] = {
+      subscriber = this.#subscribeCache[cacheKey] = {
-        callbacks: [callback]
+        latestCallbacks: [],
+        batchCallbacks: []
       };
       if (provider) {
         subscriber.unsubscribe = provider.subscribe(
           domainObject,
-          function (value) {
+          invokeCallbackWithRequestedStrategy,
-            subscriber.callbacks.forEach(function (cb) {
+          optionsWithSupportedStrategy
-              cb(value);
-            });
-          },
-          options
         );
       } else {
         subscriber.unsubscribe = function () {};
       }
+    }
+
+    if (requestedStrategy === SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY.BATCH) {
+      subscriber.batchCallbacks.push(callback);
     } else {
-      subscriber.callbacks.push(callback);
+      subscriber.latestCallbacks.push(callback);
+    }
+
+    // Guarantees that view receive telemetry in the expected form
+    function invokeCallbackWithRequestedStrategy(data) {
+      invokeCallbacksWithArray(data, subscriber.batchCallbacks);
+      invokeCallbacksWithSingleValue(data, subscriber.latestCallbacks);
+    }
+
+    function invokeCallbacksWithArray(data, batchCallbacks) {
+      //
+      if (data === undefined || data === null || data.length === 0) {
+        throw new Error(
+          'Attempt to invoke telemetry subscription callback with no telemetry datum'
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (!Array.isArray(data)) {
+        data = [data];
+      }
+
+      batchCallbacks.forEach((cb) => {
+        cb(data);
+      });
+    }
+
+    function invokeCallbacksWithSingleValue(data, latestCallbacks) {
+      if (Array.isArray(data)) {
+        data = data[data.length - 1];
+      }
+
+      if (data === undefined || data === null) {
+        throw new Error(
+          'Attempt to invoke telemetry subscription callback with no telemetry datum'
+        );
+      }
+
+      latestCallbacks.forEach((cb) => {
+        cb(data);
+      });
     }
 
     return function unsubscribe() {
-      subscriber.callbacks = subscriber.callbacks.filter(function (cb) {
+      subscriber.latestCallbacks = subscriber.latestCallbacks.filter(function (cb) {
         return cb !== callback;
       });
-      if (subscriber.callbacks.length === 0) {
+      subscriber.batchCallbacks = subscriber.batchCallbacks.filter(function (cb) {
+        return cb !== callback;
+      });
+
+      if (subscriber.latestCallbacks.length === 0 && subscriber.batchCallbacks.length === 0) {
         subscriber.unsubscribe();
-        delete this.subscribeCache[keyString];
+        delete this.#subscribeCache[cacheKey];
       }
     }.bind(this);
   }

src/api/telemetry/TelemetryAPISpec.js

@@ -90,7 +90,9 @@ describe('Telemetry API', () => {
 
       const callback = jasmine.createSpy('callback');
       const unsubscribe = telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, callback);
-      expect(telemetryProvider.supportsSubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledWith(domainObject);
+      expect(telemetryProvider.supportsSubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledWith(domainObject, {
+        strategy: 'latest'
+      });
       expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(unsubscribe).toEqual(jasmine.any(Function));
 
@@ -111,12 +113,16 @@ describe('Telemetry API', () => {
       const callback = jasmine.createSpy('callback');
       const unsubscribe = telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, callback);
       expect(telemetryProvider.supportsSubscribe.calls.count()).toBe(1);
-      expect(telemetryProvider.supportsSubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledWith(domainObject);
+      expect(telemetryProvider.supportsSubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledWith(domainObject, {
+        strategy: 'latest'
+      });
       expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe.calls.count()).toBe(1);
       expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         domainObject,
         jasmine.any(Function),
-        undefined
+        {
+          strategy: 'latest'
+        }
       );
 
       const notify = telemetryProvider.subscribe.calls.mostRecent().args[1];
@@ -321,6 +327,126 @@ describe('Telemetry API', () => {
         signal
       });
     });
+    describe('telemetry batching support', () => {
+      let callbacks;
+      let unsubFunc;
+
+      beforeEach(() => {
+        callbacks = [];
+        unsubFunc = jasmine.createSpy('unsubscribe');
+        telemetryProvider.supportsBatching = jasmine.createSpy('supportsBatching');
+        telemetryProvider.supportsBatching.and.returnValue(true);
+        telemetryProvider.supportsSubscribe.and.returnValue(true);
+
+        telemetryProvider.subscribe.and.callFake(function (obj, cb, options) {
+          callbacks.push(cb);
+
+          return unsubFunc;
+        });
+
+        telemetryAPI.addProvider(telemetryProvider);
+      });
+
+      it('caches subscriptions for batched and latest telemetry subscriptions', () => {
+        const latestCallback1 = jasmine.createSpy('latestCallback1');
+        const unsubscribeFromLatest1 = telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, latestCallback1, {
+          strategy: 'latest'
+        });
+        const latestCallback2 = jasmine.createSpy('latestCallback2');
+        const unsubscribeFromLatest2 = telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, latestCallback2, {
+          strategy: 'latest'
+        });
+
+        //Expect a single cached subscription for latest telemetry
+        expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe.calls.count()).toBe(1);
+
+        const batchedCallback1 = jasmine.createSpy('batchedCallback1');
+        const unsubscribeFromBatched1 = telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, batchedCallback1, {
+          strategy: 'batch'
+        });
+
+        const batchedCallback2 = jasmine.createSpy('batchedCallback2');
+        const unsubscribeFromBatched2 = telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, batchedCallback2, {
+          strategy: 'batch'
+        });
+
+        //Expect a single cached subscription for each strategy telemetry
+        expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe.calls.count()).toBe(2);
+
+        unsubscribeFromLatest1();
+        unsubscribeFromLatest2();
+        unsubscribeFromBatched1();
+        unsubscribeFromBatched2();
+
+        expect(unsubFunc).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+      });
+      it('subscriptions with the latest strategy are always invoked with a single value', () => {
+        const latestCallback = jasmine.createSpy('latestCallback1');
+        telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, latestCallback, {
+          strategy: 'latest'
+        });
+
+        const batchedValues = [1, 2, 3];
+        callbacks.forEach((cb) => {
+          cb(batchedValues);
+        });
+
+        expect(latestCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(3);
+
+        const singleValue = 1;
+        callbacks.forEach((cb) => {
+          cb(singleValue);
+        });
+
+        expect(latestCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1);
+      });
+
+      it('subscriptions with the batch strategy are always invoked with an array', () => {
+        const batchedCallback = jasmine.createSpy('batchedCallback1');
+        const latestCallback = jasmine.createSpy('latestCallback1');
+        telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, batchedCallback, {
+          strategy: 'batch'
+        });
+        telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, latestCallback, {
+          strategy: 'latest'
+        });
+
+        const batchedValues = [1, 2, 3];
+        callbacks.forEach((cb) => {
+          cb(batchedValues);
+        });
+
+        // Callbacks for the 'batch' strategy are always called with an array of values
+        expect(batchedCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(batchedValues);
+        // Callbacks for the 'latest' strategy are always called with a single value
+        expect(latestCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(3);
+
+        callbacks.forEach((cb) => {
+          cb(1);
+        });
+        // Callbacks for the 'batch' strategy are always called with an array of values, even if there is only one value
+        expect(batchedCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith([1]);
+        // Callbacks for the 'latest' strategy are always called with a single value
+        expect(latestCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1);
+      });
+
+      it('legacy providers are left unchanged, with a single subscription', () => {
+        delete telemetryProvider.supportsBatching;
+
+        const batchCallback = jasmine.createSpy('batchCallback');
+        telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, batchCallback, {
+          strategy: 'batch'
+        });
+        expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe.calls.mostRecent().args[2].strategy).toBe('latest');
+
+        const latestCallback = jasmine.createSpy('latestCallback');
+        telemetryAPI.subscribe(domainObject, latestCallback, {
+          strategy: 'latest'
+        });
+
+        expect(telemetryProvider.subscribe.calls.mostRecent().args[2].strategy).toBe('latest');
+      });
+    });
   });
 
   describe('metadata', () => {

src/api/telemetry/TelemetryCollection.js

@@ -180,11 +180,14 @@ export default class TelemetryCollection extends EventEmitter {
     if (this.unsubscribe) {
       this.unsubscribe();
     }
+    const options = { ...this.options };
+    //We always want to receive all available values in telemetry tables.
+    options.strategy = this.openmct.telemetry.SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY.BATCH;
 
     this.unsubscribe = this.openmct.telemetry.subscribe(
       this.domainObject,
       (datum) => this._processNewTelemetry(datum),
-      this.options
+      options
     );
   }
 

src/api/telemetry/WebSocketWorker.js

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Open MCT Web, Copyright (c) 2014-2024, United States Government
+ * as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
+ * Administration. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Open MCT Web is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ * Open MCT Web includes source code licensed under additional open source
+ * licenses. See the Open Source Licenses file (LICENSES.md) included with
+ * this source code distribution or the Licensing information page available
+ * at runtime from the About dialog for additional information.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+/* eslint-disable max-classes-per-file */
+export default function installWorker() {
+  const FALLBACK_AND_WAIT_MS = [1000, 5000, 5000, 10000, 10000, 30000];
+
+  /**
+   * @typedef {import('./BatchingWebSocket').BatchingStrategy} BatchingStrategy
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * Provides a WebSocket connection that is resilient to errors and dropouts.
+   * On an error or dropout, will automatically reconnect.
+   *
+   * Additionally, messages will be queued and sent only when WebSocket is
+   * connected meaning that client code does not need to check the state of
+   * the socket before sending.
+   */
+  class ResilientWebSocket extends EventTarget {
+    #webSocket;
+    #isConnected = false;
+    #isConnecting = false;
+    #messageQueue = [];
+    #reconnectTimeoutHandle;
+    #currentWaitIndex = 0;
+    #messageCallbacks = [];
+    #wsUrl;
+
+    /**
+     * Establish a new WebSocket connection to the given URL
+     * @param {String} url
+     */
+    connect(url) {
+      this.#wsUrl = url;
+      if (this.#isConnected) {
+        throw new Error('WebSocket already connected');
+      }
+
+      if (this.#isConnecting) {
+        throw new Error('WebSocket connection in progress');
+      }
+
+      this.#isConnecting = true;
+
+      this.#webSocket = new WebSocket(url);
+
+      const boundConnected = this.#connected.bind(this);
+      this.#webSocket.addEventListener('open', boundConnected);
+
+      const boundCleanUpAndReconnect = this.#cleanUpAndReconnect.bind(this);
+      this.#webSocket.addEventListener('error', boundCleanUpAndReconnect);
+      this.#webSocket.addEventListener('close', boundCleanUpAndReconnect);
+
+      const boundMessage = this.#message.bind(this);
+      this.#webSocket.addEventListener('message', boundMessage);
+
+      this.addEventListener(
+        'disconnected',
+        () => {
+          this.#webSocket.removeEventListener('open', boundConnected);
+          this.#webSocket.removeEventListener('error', boundCleanUpAndReconnect);
+          this.#webSocket.removeEventListener('close', boundCleanUpAndReconnect);
+        },
+        { once: true }
+      );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a callback to be invoked when a message is received on the WebSocket.
+     * This paradigm is used instead of the standard EventTarget or EventEmitter approach
+     * for performance reasons.
+     * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked when a message is received
+     * @returns an unregister function
+     */
+    registerMessageCallback(callback) {
+      this.#messageCallbacks.push(callback);
+
+      return () => {
+        this.#messageCallbacks = this.#messageCallbacks.filter((cb) => cb !== callback);
+      };
+    }
+
+    #connected() {
+      console.debug('Websocket connected.');
+      this.#isConnected = true;
+      this.#isConnecting = false;
+      this.#currentWaitIndex = 0;
+
+      this.dispatchEvent(new Event('connected'));
+
+      this.#flushQueue();
+    }
+
+    #cleanUpAndReconnect() {
+      console.warn('Websocket closed. Attempting to reconnect...');
+      this.disconnect();
+      this.#reconnect();
+    }
+
+    #message(event) {
+      this.#messageCallbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(event.data));
+    }
+
+    disconnect() {
+      this.#isConnected = false;
+      this.#isConnecting = false;
+
+      // On WebSocket error, both error callback and close callback are invoked, resulting in
+      // this function being called twice, and websocket being destroyed and deallocated.
+      if (this.#webSocket !== undefined && this.#webSocket !== null) {
+        this.#webSocket.close();
+      }
+
+      this.dispatchEvent(new Event('disconnected'));
+      this.#webSocket = undefined;
+    }
+
+    #reconnect() {
+      if (this.#reconnectTimeoutHandle) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      this.#reconnectTimeoutHandle = setTimeout(() => {
+        this.connect(this.#wsUrl);
+
+        this.#reconnectTimeoutHandle = undefined;
+      }, FALLBACK_AND_WAIT_MS[this.#currentWaitIndex]);
+
+      if (this.#currentWaitIndex < FALLBACK_AND_WAIT_MS.length - 1) {
+        this.#currentWaitIndex++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    enqueueMessage(message) {
+      this.#messageQueue.push(message);
+      this.#flushQueueIfReady();
+    }
+
+    #flushQueueIfReady() {
+      if (this.#isConnected) {
+        this.#flushQueue();
+      }
+    }
+
+    #flushQueue() {
+      while (this.#messageQueue.length > 0) {
+        if (!this.#isConnected) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        const message = this.#messageQueue.shift();
+        this.#webSocket.send(message);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handles messages over the worker interface, and
+   * sends corresponding WebSocket messages.
+   */
+  class WorkerToWebSocketMessageBroker {
+    #websocket;
+    #messageBatcher;
+
+    constructor(websocket, messageBatcher) {
+      this.#websocket = websocket;
+      this.#messageBatcher = messageBatcher;
+    }
+
+    routeMessageToHandler(message) {
+      const { type } = message.data;
+      switch (type) {
+        case 'connect':
+          this.connect(message);
+          break;
+        case 'disconnect':
+          this.disconnect(message);
+          break;
+        case 'message':
+          this.#websocket.enqueueMessage(message.data.message);
+          break;
+        case 'setBatchingStrategy':
+          this.setBatchingStrategy(message);
+          break;
+        case 'readyForNextBatch':
+          this.#messageBatcher.readyForNextBatch();
+          break;
+        case 'setMaxBatchSize':
+          this.#messageBatcher.setMaxBatchSize(message.data.maxBatchSize);
+          break;
+        default:
+          throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${type}`);
+      }
+    }
+    connect(message) {
+      const { url } = message.data;
+      this.#websocket.connect(url);
+    }
+    disconnect() {
+      this.#websocket.disconnect();
+    }
+    setBatchingStrategy(message) {
+      const { serializedStrategy } = message.data;
+      const batchingStrategy = {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-new-func
+        shouldBatchMessage: new Function(`return ${serializedStrategy.shouldBatchMessage}`)(),
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-new-func
+        getBatchIdFromMessage: new Function(`return ${serializedStrategy.getBatchIdFromMessage}`)()
+        // Will also include maximum batch length here
+      };
+      this.#messageBatcher.setBatchingStrategy(batchingStrategy);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Received messages from the WebSocket, and passes them along to the
+   * Worker interface and back to the main thread.
+   */
+  class WebSocketToWorkerMessageBroker {
+    #worker;
+    #messageBatcher;
+
+    constructor(messageBatcher, worker) {
+      this.#messageBatcher = messageBatcher;
+      this.#worker = worker;
+    }
+
+    routeMessageToHandler(data) {
+      //Implement batching here
+      if (this.#messageBatcher.shouldBatchMessage(data)) {
+        this.#messageBatcher.addMessageToBatch(data);
+      } else {
+        this.#worker.postMessage({
+          type: 'message',
+          message: data
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Responsible for batching messages according to the defined batching strategy.
+   */
+  class MessageBatcher {
+    #batch;
+    #batchingStrategy;
+    #hasBatch = false;
+    #maxBatchSize;
+    #readyForNextBatch;
+    #worker;
+
+    constructor(worker) {
+      this.#maxBatchSize = 10;
+      this.#readyForNextBatch = false;
+      this.#worker = worker;
+      this.#resetBatch();
+    }
+    #resetBatch() {
+      this.#batch = {};
+      this.#hasBatch = false;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @param {BatchingStrategy} strategy
+     */
+    setBatchingStrategy(strategy) {
+      this.#batchingStrategy = strategy;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Applies the `shouldBatchMessage` function from the supplied batching strategy
+     * to each message to determine if it should be added to a batch. If not batched,
+     * the message is immediately sent over the worker to the main thread.
+     * @param {any} message the message received from the WebSocket. See the WebSocket
+     * documentation for more details -
+     * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MessageEvent/data
+     * @returns
+     */
+    shouldBatchMessage(message) {
+      return (
+        this.#batchingStrategy.shouldBatchMessage &&
+        this.#batchingStrategy.shouldBatchMessage(message)
+      );
+    }
+    /**
+     * Adds the given message to a batch. The batch group that the message is added
+     * to will be determined by the value returned by `getBatchIdFromMessage`.
+     * @param {any} message the message received from the WebSocket. See the WebSocket
+     * documentation for more details -
+     * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MessageEvent/data
+     */
+    addMessageToBatch(message) {
+      const batchId = this.#batchingStrategy.getBatchIdFromMessage(message);
+      let batch = this.#batch[batchId];
+      if (batch === undefined) {
+        batch = this.#batch[batchId] = [message];
+      } else {
+        batch.push(message);
+      }
+      if (batch.length > this.#maxBatchSize) {
+        batch.shift();
+        this.#batch.dropped = this.#batch.dropped || true;
+      }
+      if (this.#readyForNextBatch) {
+        this.#sendNextBatch();
+      } else {
+        this.#hasBatch = true;
+      }
+    }
+    setMaxBatchSize(maxBatchSize) {
+      this.#maxBatchSize = maxBatchSize;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Indicates that client code is ready to receive the next batch of
+     * messages. If a batch is available, it will be immediately sent.
+     * Otherwise a flag will be set to send the next batch as soon as
+     * any new data is available.
+     */
+    readyForNextBatch() {
+      if (this.#hasBatch) {
+        this.#sendNextBatch();
+      } else {
+        this.#readyForNextBatch = true;
+      }
+    }
+    #sendNextBatch() {
+      const batch = this.#batch;
+      this.#resetBatch();
+      this.#worker.postMessage({
+        type: 'batch',
+        batch
+      });
+      this.#readyForNextBatch = false;
+      this.#hasBatch = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const websocket = new ResilientWebSocket();
+  const messageBatcher = new MessageBatcher(self);
+  const workerBroker = new WorkerToWebSocketMessageBroker(websocket, messageBatcher);
+  const websocketBroker = new WebSocketToWorkerMessageBroker(messageBatcher, self);
+
+  self.addEventListener('message', (message) => {
+    workerBroker.routeMessageToHandler(message);
+  });
+  websocket.registerMessageCallback((data) => {
+    websocketBroker.routeMessageToHandler(data);
+  });
+}

src/plugins/plot/configuration/Model.js

@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ export default class Model extends EventEmitter {
 
 /** @typedef {any} TODO */
 
-/** @typedef {TODO} OpenMCT */
+/**
+ * @typedef {import('../../../../openmct.js').OpenMCT} OpenMCT
+ */
 
 /**
 @template {object} T

src/plugins/plot/configuration/PlotSeries.js

@@ -211,9 +211,16 @@ export default class PlotSeries extends Model {
     );
 
     if (!this.unsubscribe) {
-      this.unsubscribe = this.openmct.telemetry.subscribe(this.domainObject, this.add.bind(this), {
+      this.unsubscribe = this.openmct.telemetry.subscribe(
-        filters: this.filters
+        this.domainObject,
-      });
+        (data) => {
+          this.addAll(data, true);
+        },
+        {
+          filters: this.filters,
+          strategy: this.openmct.telemetry.SUBSCRIBE_STRATEGY.BATCH
+        }
+      );
     }
 
     try {
@@ -302,9 +309,7 @@ export default class PlotSeries extends Model {
     this.resetStats();
     this.emit('reset');
     if (newData) {
-      newData.forEach(function (point) {
+      this.addAll(newData, true);
-        this.add(point, true);
-      }, this);
     }
   }
   /**
@@ -416,14 +421,14 @@ export default class PlotSeries extends Model {
    * when adding an array of points that are already properly sorted.
    *
    * @private
-   * @param {Object} point a telemetry datum.
+   * @param {Object} newData a telemetry datum.
-   * @param {Boolean} [appendOnly] default false, if true will append
+   * @param {Boolean} [sorted] default false, if true will append
    *                  a point to the end without dupe checking.
    */
-  add(point, appendOnly) {
+  add(newData, sorted = false) {
     let data = this.getSeriesData();
     let insertIndex = data.length;
-    const currentYVal = this.getYVal(point);
+    const currentYVal = this.getYVal(newData);
     const lastYVal = this.getYVal(data[insertIndex - 1]);
 
     if (this.isValueInvalid(currentYVal) && this.isValueInvalid(lastYVal)) {
@@ -432,22 +437,28 @@ export default class PlotSeries extends Model {
       return;
     }
 
-    if (!appendOnly) {
+    if (!sorted) {
-      insertIndex = this.sortedIndex(point);
+      insertIndex = this.sortedIndex(newData);
-      if (this.getXVal(data[insertIndex]) === this.getXVal(point)) {
+      if (this.getXVal(data[insertIndex]) === this.getXVal(newData)) {
         return;
       }
 
-      if (this.getXVal(data[insertIndex - 1]) === this.getXVal(point)) {
+      if (this.getXVal(data[insertIndex - 1]) === this.getXVal(newData)) {
         return;
       }
     }
 
-    this.updateStats(point);
+    this.updateStats(newData);
-    point.mctLimitState = this.evaluate(point);
+    newData.mctLimitState = this.evaluate(newData);
-    data.splice(insertIndex, 0, point);
+    data.splice(insertIndex, 0, newData);
     this.updateSeriesData(data);
-    this.emit('add', point, insertIndex, this);
+    this.emit('add', newData, insertIndex, this);
+  }
+
+  addAll(points, sorted = false) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
+      this.add(points[i], sorted);
+    }
   }
 
   /**

src/plugins/remoteClock/RemoteClock.js

@@ -59,26 +59,21 @@ export default class RemoteClock extends DefaultClock {
   }
 
   start() {
-    this.openmct.objects
+    this.openmct.objects.get(this.identifier).then((domainObject) => {
-      .get(this.identifier)
+      // The start method is called when at least one listener registers with the clock.
-      .then((domainObject) => {
+      // When the clock is changed, listeners are unregistered from the clock and the stop method is called.
-        // The start method is called when at least one listener registers with the clock.
+      // Sometimes, the objects.get call above does not resolve before the stop method is called.
-        // When the clock is changed, listeners are unregistered from the clock and the stop method is called.
+      // So when we proceed with the clock subscription below, we first need to ensure that there is at least one listener for our clock.
-        // Sometimes, the objects.get call above does not resolve before the stop method is called.
+      if (this.eventNames().length === 0) {
-        // So when we proceed with the clock subscription below, we first need to ensure that there is at least one listener for our clock.
+        return;
-        if (this.eventNames().length === 0) {
+      }
-          return;
+      this.openmct.time.on('timeSystem', this._timeSystemChange);
-        }
+      this.timeTelemetryObject = domainObject;
-        this.openmct.time.on('timeSystem', this._timeSystemChange);
+      this.metadata = this.openmct.telemetry.getMetadata(domainObject);
-        this.timeTelemetryObject = domainObject;
+      this._timeSystemChange();
-        this.metadata = this.openmct.telemetry.getMetadata(domainObject);
+      this._requestLatest();
-        this._timeSystemChange();
+      this._subscribe();
-        this._requestLatest();
+    });
-        this._subscribe();
-      })
-      .catch((error) => {
-        throw new Error(error);
-      });
   }
 
   stop() {