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===============================================
Release notes for the Genode OS Framework 17.05
===============================================
Genode Labs
According to the feedback we received for our this year's
[https:/about/road-map - road map], version 17.05 is a highly anticipated
release as it strives to be a suitable basis for being supported over a longer
time frame. Guided by this theme, the release updates important parts
of the framework's infrastructure with the expectation to stay stable
over the next year or longer. In particular, the official tool chain has
been updated to GCC 6.3 (Section [Tool chain]), Qt to version 5.8 (Section
[Qt5 updated to version 5.8]), and VirtualBox to version 5.1.22
([Feature-completeness of VirtualBox 5 on NOVA]). The latter is not just an
update. VirtualBox 5 on NOVA has now reached feature parity with the previous
VirtualBox version 4, including the support for guest additions and USB
pass-through.
As another aspect of being supportable over a longer time, the framework's
architecture and API should not undergo significant changes in the foreseeable
future. For this reason, all pending architectural changes had to be realized
in this release cycle. Fortunately, there are not as many - compared to the
sweeping changes of the previous releases. However, as explained in Section
[Base framework], changes like the accounting and trading of capability
resources or the consolidation of core services are user-visible.
Since the previous edition of the "Genode Foundations" book was written prior
to our great overhaul that started one year ago, it does no longer accurately
represent the current state of Genode. Therefore, the current release is
accompanied with a new edition of the book
(Section [New revision of the Genode Foundations book]).
Even though the overall theme of Genode 17.05 is long-term maintainability,
we do not yet publicly commit to providing it as an "LTS" release. Our plan
is to first gain the experience with the challenges that come with long-term
support as an in-house experiment. Those uncertainties include the effort
needed for upholding Genode's continuous test and integration infrastructure
for multiple branches of development instead of just one as well as the
selective back-porting of bug fixes. In short, we don't want to over-promise.
In anticipation of architectural and API stability, however, now seems to be
the perfect time to enter the next level of Genode's scalability by
introducing a form of package management. We worked on this topic one-and-off
for multiple years now, trying to find an approach that fits well with
Genode's unusual architecture. We eventually ended up following an entirely
new direction presented in Section [Package management].
Further highlights of the current release are a new user-level timing facility
that greatly improves the precision of time as observed by components
[New API for user-level timing], added support for the Nim programming
language (Section [Nim programming language]), and new components for
monitoring network traffic and CPU load.
Package management
##################
Genode's established work flows facilitate the framework's run tool for
automated building, configuration, integration, and testing of Genode system
scenarios. Thereby, the subject of work is usually the system scenario as a
whole. The system may be composed of an arbitrary number of components or even
host dynamic subsystems, but whenever a change of the system is desired, a new
work-flow iteration is required. This procedure works well for appliance-like
scenarios with a well-defined scope of features. But as indicated by our
experience with using Genode as a general-purpose OS with the so-dubbed
"Turmvilla" scenario, it does not scale well to scenarios where the shape of
the system changes over time. In practice, modeling a general-purpose OS as
one single piece becomes inconvenient.
The natural solution is a package manager that relieves the system integrator
from compiling all components from source and "abstracts away" low-level
details into digestible packages. After reviewing several package-management
approaches, we grew very fond of the [https://nixos.org/nix/ - Nix] package
manager, which opened our eyes to package management done right. However, in
the process of our intensive experimentation of combining Nix with Genode,
we also learned that Nix solves a number problems that do not exist in the
clean-slate Genode world. This realization prompted us to explore a custom
approach. The current release bears the fruit of this line of work in the form
of a new tool set called "depot":
:New documentation of Genode's package management:
[https://genode.org/documentation/developer-resources/package_management]
In short, the new depot tools provide the following features:
* Packaged content is categorized into different types of "archives" with
each type being modeled after a specific purpose. We distinguish API,
source, raw-data, binary, and package archives.
* Flat build-time dependencies: Source archives can merely depend on API
archives but not on other source archives. API archives cannot have any
dependencies. Consequently, the sequence of building binary archives
can be completely arbitrary, which benefits parallelization.
* Loose coupling between source archives. Applications do not directly
depend of libraries but merely on the library's API archives. Unless a
bug fix of a library affects its API, the fixed library version is
transparent to library-using applications.
* Archives are organized in a hierarchic name space that includes its
origin, type, and version.
* Different versions of software can be installed side by side.
That said, the new depot tools may not be the end of all means. In order to
fully promote them, we first need to extensively use them and locate their
weak spots. The current implementation should therefore be regarded as
experimental. During the development, we stressed the tools intensively by
realizing reasonably complex scenarios - in particular interactive scenarios
that include the window manager. The immediate results of this playful process
are more than 80 easily reusable archives, in particular archives for all of
the framework's supported kernels.
The new depot does not exist isolated from the run tool. The current release
rather enhances the existing run tool with the ability to incorporate
ready-to-use depot content into scenarios. This is best illustrated with the
_gems/run/wm.run_ script, which creates a system image out of depot content
only. Most of the other run scripts of the _gems_ repository leverage the
depot in an even more interesting way: The majority of content is taken from
the depot but a few components of particular interest are handled by the build
system. The combination of the depot with the established work flow has three
immediate benefits. First, once the depot is populated with binary archives,
the start time of the scenarios decreases dramatically because most dependency
checks and build steps are side-stepped. Second, the run scripts become more
versatile. In particular, run scripts that were formerly supported on
base-linux only (nit_fader, decorator, menu_view) have become usable on all
base platforms that have a 'drivers_interactive' package defined. Finally, the
run scripts have become much shorter.
Right now, the depot tools are still focused on Genode's traditional work
flows as they provide an immediate benefit for our everyday development.
But they also represent the groundwork for the next step, which is on-target
package management and system updates.
Base framework
##############
New revision of the Genode Foundations book
===========================================
Genode underwent substantial changes over the course of the past year. This
prompted us to update the "Genode Foundations" book to reflect the most current
state of the framework. Specifically, the changes since the last year's
edition are:
: <div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div>
: <p>
: <div style="clear: both; float: left; margin-right:20px;">
: <a class="internal-link" href="https://genode.org">
: <img class="image-inline" src="https://genode.org/documentation/genode-foundations-title.png">
: </a>
: </div>
: </p>
* The consolidation of the PD and RAM services of core,
* The assignment and trading of capability quota,
* An extension of the getting-starting section with an example of a typical
component skeleton and the handling of external events,
* New init-configuration features including the use of unscoped labels,
state report, service forwarding, and label rewriting,
* The use of kernel-agnostic build directories,
* A new under-the-hood description of the asynchronous parent-child interplay,
* An updated API reference
: <div class="visualClear"><!-- --></div>
To examine the changes in detail, please refer to the book's
[https://github.com/nfeske/genode-manual/commits/master - revision history].
Completed component transition to the modern API
================================================
One year ago, we profoundly
[https:/documentation/release-notes/16.05#The_great_API_renovation - overhauled Genode's API].
The modernized framework interface promotes a safe programming style that
greatly reduces the chances of memory-safety bugs, eases the assessment of
code by shunning the use of global side effects, and models the internal
state of components in an explicit way. We are happy to report that we have
updated almost all of Genode's over 400 components to the new API, so that
we can fade out the deprecated legacies from our past.
Originally, we planned to drop the deprecated API altogether with the current
release. But we will hold on for one release cycle as we identified a few
components that are better replaced by new implementations rather than updating
them, e.g., our old Mesa EGL back end that will be replaced in August, or a
few libc plugins that are superseded by the recently introduced VFS
infrastructure. By keeping the compatibility with the old API intact for a bit
longer, we are not forced to drop those components before their replacements
are in place.
Streamlining exception types
============================
During the organic evolution of the Genode API, we introduced exception types
as needed without a global convention. In particular the exception types as
thrown by RPC functions were usually defined in the scope of the RPC
interface. This approach ultimately led to a proliferation of ambiguously
named exception types such as 'Root::Quota_exceeded' and
'Ram_session::Quota_exceeded'.
With the current release, we replace the organically grown exception landscape
by a framework-wide convention. The following changes ease the error handling
(there are fewer exceptions to handle), alleviate the need to convert
exceptions along the session-creation call chain, and avoid possible aliasing
problems (catching the wrong type with the same name but living in a different
scope):
* RPC functions that demand a session-resource upgrade no longer reflect this
condition via a session-specific exception but via the new 'Out_of_ram'
or 'Out_of_caps' exception types, declared in _base/quota_quard.h_.
* The former 'Parent::Service_denied', 'Parent::Unavailable',
'Root::Invalid_args', 'Root::Unavailable', 'Service::Invalid_args',
'Service::Unavailable', and 'Local_service::Factory::Denied' types have
been replaced by a single 'Service_denied' exception type defined in
'session/session.h'.
* The former 'Parent::Quota_exceeded', 'Service::Quota_exceeded', and
'Root::Quota_exceeded' exceptions are covered by a single
'Insufficient_ram_quota' exception type now.
* The 'Parent' interface has become able to distinguish between 'Out_of_ram'
(the child's RAM is exhausted) and 'Insufficient_ram_quota' (the child's
RAM donation does not suffice to establish the session).
* The 'Allocator::Out_of_memory' exception has become an alias for 'Out_of_ram'.
Assignment and trading of capability quota
==========================================
Genode employs a resource-trading scheme for memory management. Under this
regime, parent components explicitly assign memory to child components, and
client components are able to "lend" memory to servers. (the details are
described in the "Genode Foundations" book).
Even though capabilities are data structures (residing in the kernel), their
costs cannot be accounted via Genode's regular memory-trading scheme because
those data structures are - generally speaking - not easily extensible by the
user land on top of the kernel. E.g., on Linux where we use file descriptors
to represent capabilities, we are bound by the fd-limit of the kernel. On
base-hw, the maximum number of capabilities is fixed at kernel-build time
and used to dimension statically allocated data structures. Even on
seL4 (which in principle allows user memory to be turned into kernel memory),
the maximum number of capabilities is somehow limited by the ID namespace
within core. For this reason, capabilities should be regarded as a limited
physical resource from the component's point of view, very similar to how
physical memory is modeled as a limited physical resource.
On Genode, any regular component implicitly triggers the allocation of
capabilities whenever a RPC object or a signal context is created. As previous
versions of Genode did not impose a limit on how many capabilities a component
could allocate, a misbehaving component could have exhausted the system-global
capability space and thereby posed a denial-of-service threat. The current
version solves this problem by mirroring the accounting and trading scheme
that Genode employs for physical memory for the accounting of capability
allocations.
Capability quota must now be explicitly assigned to subsystems by specifying
a 'caps=<amount>' attribute to init's start nodes. Analogously to RAM quota,
cap quota can be traded between clients and servers as part of the session
protocol. The capability budget of each component is maintained by the
component's corresponding PD session at core.
At the current stage, the accounting is applied to RPC capabilities,
signal-context capabilities, dataspace capabilities, and static per-session
capability costs. Capabilities that are dynamically allocated via core's CPU
and TRACE services are not yet covered. Also, the capabilities allocated by
resource multiplexers outside of core (like nitpicker) must be accounted by
the respective servers, which is not covered yet. The static per-session
capability costs are declared via the new 'CAP_QUOTA' enum value in the scope
of the respective session type. The value is used by clients to dimension a
session's initial quota donation. At the server side, the session-construction
argument is validated against the 'CAP_QUOTA' value as written in the
"contract" (the session interface).
If a component runs out of capabilities, core's PD service issues a warning.
To observe the consumption of capabilities per component in detail, the PD
service is equipped with a diagnostic mode, which can be enabled via the
'diag' attribute in the target node of init's routing rules. E.g., the
following route enables the diagnostic mode for the PD session of the "timer"
component:
! <default-route>
! <service name="PD" unscoped_label="timer">
! <parent diag="yes"/>
! </service>
! ...
! </default-route>
For subsystems based on a sub-init instance, init can be configured to report
the capability-quota information of its subsystems by adding the attribute
'child_caps="yes"' to init's '<report>' configuration node. Init's own
capability quota can be reported by adding the attribute 'init_caps="yes"'.
Merged RAM and PD services of the core component
================================================
Genode's core component used to decouple the management of RAM from the notion
of protection domains (PD). Both concerns were addressed by separate core
services. While nice from an academic point of view, in practice, this
separation did not provide any tangible benefit. As a matter of fact, there is
a one-to-one relationship between PD sessions and RAM sessions in all current
Genode systems. As this superficial flexibility is needless complexity, we
identified the potential to simplify core as well as the framework libraries
by merging the RAM session functionality into the PD session interface.
With the implementation of capability-quota accounting - as explained in
Section [Assignment and trading of capability quota] - PD sessions already
serve the role of an accountant for physical resources, which was previously a
distinctive feature of RAM sessions. That includes the support for trading
resource quota between sessions and the definition of a reference account.
The only unique functionality provided by the RAM service is the actual
allocation and deallocation of RAM. So the consolidation appeared as a natural
step to take.
From the framework's API perspective, this change mainly affects the use case
of the 'Ram_session' interface as a physical-memory allocation back end. This
use case is covered by the new 'Ram_allocator' interface, which is implemented
by the 'Pd_session' and contains the subset of the former RAM session
interface needed to satisfy the 'Heap' and 'Sliced_heap'. Its narrow scope
makes it ideal for intercepting memory allocations as done by the new
'Constrained_ram_allocator' wrapper class, which is meant to replace the
existing _base/allocator_guard.h_ and _os/ram_session_guard.h_.
From a system integrator's point of view, the change makes the routing of
environment sessions to core's RAM service superfluous. Routes to core's RAM
service along with the corresponding '<parent-provides>' declarations can
safely be removed from run scripts.
Explicit execution of static constructors
=========================================
Static constructors and constructor functions marked by
'__attribute__(constructor)__' enable the compiler and developer to specify
code that should be executed before any other application code is running.
That sounds innocent but comes with a couple of implications. First, there is
no chance to explicitly pass parameters to these functions. Therefore,
additional context must be globally accessible, which contradicts to the
capability-based programming model at heart. Also, beside some weird static
priority scheme there is no approach to specify an inter-dependency of
constructor functions, which results in an arbitrary execution order and
limits the practical applicability.
On that account, we have been shunning static constructors since the early
times of Genode. For existing applications and libraries that's not an option
and we also implemented the required mechanisms in our startup code. With this
release, we took the next step to banish static constructors from native
Genode components by making the execution of those constructors optional. Our
dynamic linker does no longer automatically execute static constructors of the
binary and shared libraries the binary depends on. If static construction is
required (e.g., if a shared library with constructors is used or a compilation
unit contains global statics) the component needs to execute the constructors
explicitly in 'Component::construct()' via 'Genode::Env::exec_static_constructors()'.
In case of C library components, this is done automatically by the libc
startup code, i.e., the 'Component::construct()' implementation within the
libc. The loading of shared objects at runtime is not affected by this change
and constructors of those objects are executed immediately.
Separation of I/O signals from application-level signals
========================================================
The use of signals and signal handlers can be found across the entire Genode
code base in a diverse range of contexts. IRQs, timeouts, and completion of
requests in block-device or file-system sessions apply signals just like
notifications of configuration ROM updates. As a consequence, components must
handle different types of signals at any given time. This sounds tricky but is
quite challenging when it comes to ported software with inherent requirements
for the execution model.
The most prominent example of ported software is our C library in combination
with any POSIX program using I/O facilities like files or sockets. In this
case, our adaption layer that maps the library back end to Genode services has
to support synchronous calls to classical POSIX API functions, which require
that the operation has completed to a certain degree before the function call
returns. While a function blocks for external I/O signals (e.g., file-system
session), application-level signal handlers are not expected to be triggered.
Instead, they must be deferred until the component enters its idle state.
From this background, we decided to classify signal handlers and so signal
contexts. For application-level signals, the existing 'Signal_handler' class
is used, but for I/O signals we introduced the 'Io_signal_handler' class
template. In regular Genode components, both classes of signals are handled
equally by the entrypoint. The difference is that components (or libraries)
that use 'wait_and_dispatch_one_io_signal()' to complete I/O operations in
place defer application-level signals and dispatch only I/O-level signals. An
illustrative example of I/O-signal declaration in combination with
'wait_and_dispatch_one_io_signal()' can be found in the USB-raw session
utility in _os/include/usb/packet_handler.h_ to provide synchronous semantics
for packet submission and reception.
OS-level libraries and components
#################################
Dynamic resource management and service forwarding via init
===========================================================
The
[https:/documentation/release-notes/17.02#Dynamically_reconfigurable_init_component - previous release]
equipped Genode's init component with the ability to be used as dynamic
component-composition engine. The current release extends this approach by
dynamically balancing of memory assignments and introduces the forwarding of
session requests from init's parent to init's children.
Responding to binary-name changes
---------------------------------
By subjecting the ROM-module request for an ELF binary to init's regular
routing and label-rewriting mechanism instead of handling it as a special case,
init's '<binary>' node has become merely syntactic sugar for a route like the
following:
!<start name="test"/>
! <route>
! <service name="ROM" unscoped_label="test">
! <parent label="test-binary-name"/> </service>
! ...
! </route>
! ...
!</start>
A change of the binary name has an effect on the child's ROM route to the
binary and thereby implicitly triggers a child restart due to the existing
re-validation of the routing.
Optional version attribute for start nodes
------------------------------------------
The new 'version' attribute allows a forced restart of a child with an
otherwise unmodified start node. The specified value is also reflected in
init's state report such that a subsystem-management component is able to
validate the effects of an init configuration change.
Applying changes of '<provides>' nodes
--------------------------------------
The new version of init is able to apply changes of any server's '<provides>'
declarations in a differential way. Servers can in principle be extended by
new services without re-starting them. Of course, changes of the '<provides>'
declarations may affect clients or would-be clients as this information is
taken into account for session routing.
Responding to RAM-quota changes
-------------------------------
If the RAM quota is decreased, init withdraws as much quota from the child's
RAM session as possible. If the child's RAM session does not have enough
available quota, a resource-yield request is issued to the child. Cooperative
children may respond to such a request by releasing memory.
If the RAM quota is increased, the child's RAM session is upgraded. If the
configuration exceeds init's available RAM, init re-attempts the upgrade
whenever new slack memory becomes available (e.g., by disappearing children).
The formerly built-in policy of responding to resource requests with handing
out slack quota does not exist anymore. Instead, resource requests have to be
answered by an update of the init configuration with adjusted quota values.
Note that this change may break run scripts that depend on init's original
policy. Those run scripts may be adjusted by increasing the quota for the
components that inflate their RAM usage during runtime such that the specified
quota suffices for the entire lifetime of the component.
Service forwarding
------------------
Init has become able to act as a server that forwards session requests to its
children. Session requests can be routed depending on the requested service
type and the session label originating from init's parent.
The feature is configured by one or multiple '<service>' nodes hosted in
init's '<config>' node. The routing policy is selected via the regular
server-side policy-selection mechanism, for example:
! <config>
! ...
! <service name="LOG">
! <policy label="noux">
! <child name="terminal_log" label="important"/>
! </policy>
! <default-policy> <child name="nitlog"/> </default-policy>
! </service>
! ...
! </config>
Each policy node must have a '<child>' sub node, which denotes the name of the
server via the 'name' attribute. The optional 'label' attribute defines the
session label presented to the server, analogous to how the rewriting of
session labels works in session routes. If not specified, the client-provided
label is presented to the server as is.
New API for user-level timing
=============================
In the past, application-level timing was almost directly built upon the bare
'Timer' session interface. Thus, developers had to manually deal with the
deficiencies of the cross-component protocol:
* A timer session can not manage multiple timeouts at once,
* Binding timeout signals to handler methods must be done manually,
* The precision is limited to milliseconds, and
* The session interface leaves a lot to be desired which leads to individual
front end implementations making maintenance of timing aspects harder
in general.
The new timeout API is a wrapper for the timer session. It raises the
abstraction level and narrows the interface according to our experiences with
previous solutions. The API design is guided by the broadly used 'Signal_handler'
class and in that is a clear step away from blocking timeouts (e.g., usleep,
msleep). Furthermore, it offers scheduling of multiple timeouts at one timer
session, local time-interpolation for higher precision, and integrated
dispatching to individual handler methods.
The timing API is composed of three classes 'Timer::Connection',
'Timer::Periodic_timeout', and 'Timer::One_shot_timeout' that can be found
in the _timer_session/connection.h_ header. Let's visualize their application
with small examples. Assume you have two object members that you'd like to
sample every 1.5 seconds respectively every 2 seconds. You can achieve this as
follows:
! #include <timer_session/connection.h>
!
! using namespace Genode;
!
! struct Data
! {
! unsigned value_1, value_2;
!
! void handle_timeout_1(Duration elapsed) { log("Value 1: ", value_1); }
! void handle_timeout_2(Duration elapsed) { log("Value 2: ", value_2); }
!
! Timer::Periodic_timeout<Data> timeout_1, timeout_2;
!
! Data(Timer::Connection &timer)
! : timeout_1(timer, *this, &Data::handle_timeout_1, Microseconds(1500000)),
! timeout_2(timer, *this, &Data::handle_timeout_2, Microseconds(2000000))
! { }
! };
The periodic timeouts take a timer connection as construction argument. One
can use the same timer connection for multiple timeouts. Additionally, you
have to tell the timeout constructor what handler method to call on which
object. A handler method has no return value and one parameter 'elapsed',
which contains the time since the creation of the underlying timer connection.
As its last argument the timeout constructor takes the period duration.
Periodic timeouts automatically call the registered handler methods of the
given objects.
If you now would like to sample the members only once, adapt the example as
follows:
! struct Data
! {
! ...
!
! Timer::One_shot_timeout<Data> timeout_1, timeout_2;
!
! Data(Timer::Connection &timer)
! : timeout_1(timer, *this, &Data::handle_timeout_1),
! timeout_2(timer, *this, &Data::handle_timeout_2)
! {
! timeout_1.schedule(Microseconds(1500000));
! timeout_2.schedule(Microseconds(2000000));
! }
! };
In contrast to a periodic timeout, a one-shot timeout is started manually with
the 'schedule' method. It can be started multiple times with different timeout
lengths. One can also restart the timeout inside the handler method itself:
! struct Data
! {
! Timer::One_shot_timeout<Data> timeout;
!
! void handle(Duration elapsed) { timeout.schedule(Microseconds(1000)); }
!
! Data(Timer::Connection &timer) : timeout(timer, *this, &Data::handle)
! {
! timeout.schedule(Microseconds(2000));
! }
! };
Furthermore, you can discard a one-shot timeout and check whether it is active
or not:
! struct Data
! {
! Timer::One_shot_timeout<Data> timeout;
!
! ...
!
! void abort_sampling()
! {
! if (timeout.scheduled()) {
! timeout.discard();
! }
! }
! };
The lifetime of a timer connection can be read independent of any timeout via
the 'Timer::Connection::curr_time' method. In general, the timer session's
lifetime returned by 'curr_time' or the timeout-handler parameter is
transparently calculated using the remote time as well as local interpolation.
This raises the precision up to the level of microseconds. The only thing to
remember is that a timer connection always needs some time (approximately 1
second) after construction to reach this precision because the interpolation
parameters are determined empirically.
Although having this improved new timeout interface, the timer connection
stays backwards-compatible as of now. However, the modern and the legacy
interface cannot be used in parallel. Thus, a timer connection now has two
modes. Initially it is in legacy mode with the raw session interface and
blocking calls like 'usleep' and 'msleep' are available. But as soon as the
new timeout interface is used for the first time, the connection is
permanently switched to modern mode. Attempts to use the legacy interface in
modern mode cause an exception.
The timeout API is part of the base library, which means that it is
automatically available in each Genode component.
For technical reasons, the lifetime precision up to microseconds cannot be
provided when using Fiasco.OC or Linux on ARM platforms.
For a comprehensive example of how to use the timeout API, see the run
script 'os/run/timeout.run' respectively the corresponding test component
'os/src/test/timeout'.
In-band notifications in the file-system session
================================================
With capability accounting in place, we are compelled to examine the framework
for any wasteful allocation of capabilities. Prior to this release, it was
convenient to allocate signal contexts for any number of application contexts.
It is now apparent that signals should instead drive a fixed number of state
machine transitions that monitor application state by other means. A good
example of this is the 'File_system' session.
Previously, a component would observe changes to a file by associating a
signal context at the client with an open file context at the server. As
signals carry no payload or metadata, the client would be encouraged to
allocate a new signal context for each file it monitored. In practice, this
rarely caused problems but nevertheless there lurked a limit to scalability.
This release eliminates the allocation of additional signal contexts over the
lifetime of a 'File_system' session by incorporating notifications into the
existing asynchronous I/O channel. I/O at the 'File_system' session operates
via a circular packet buffer. Each packet contains metadata associating an
operation with an open file handle. In this release, we define the new packet
type 'CONTENT_CHANGED' to request and to receive notifications of changes to
an open file. This limits the signal capabilities allocated to those of the
packet handlers and consolidates I/O and notification handling to no less than
a single per-session signal handler at client and server side.
Log-based CPU-load display
==========================
The new component 'top' obtains information about the existing trace subjects
from core's "TRACE" service, like the cpu_load_monitor does, and shows the
highest CPU consumers per CPU in percentage via the LOG session. The tool is
especially handy if no graphical setup is available, in contrast to the
existing cpu_load_monitor. Additionally, the actual thread and component name
can be obtained from the logs. By the attribute 'period_ms' the time frame for
requesting, processing, and presenting the CPU load can be configured:
!<config>
! <parent-provides>
! <service name="TRACE"/>
! </parent-provides>
! ...
! <start name="top">
! <resource name="RAM" quantum="2M"/>
! <config period_ms="2000"/>
! </start>
!</config>
An example output looks like:
! [init -> top] cpu=0.0 98.16% thread='idle0' label='kernel'
! [init -> top] cpu=0.0 0.74% thread='test-thread' label='init -> test-trace'
! [init -> top] cpu=0.0 0.55% thread='initial' label='init -> test-trace'
! [init -> top] cpu=0.0 0.23% thread='threaded_time_source' label='init -> timer'
! [init -> top] cpu=0.0 0.23% thread='initial' label='init -> top'
! [init -> top] cpu=0.0 0.04% thread='signal handler' label='init -> test-trace'
! [init -> top] cpu=1.0 100.00% thread='idle1' label='kernel'
Network-traffic monitoring
==========================
The new 'nic_dump' server at _os/src/server/nic_dump_ is a bump-in-the-wire
component for NIC service. It performs deep packet inspection for each passing
packet and dumps the gathered information to its LOG session. This includes
information about Ethernet, ARP, IPv4, TCP, UDP, and DHCP by now. The
monitored information can also be stored to a file by using the 'fs_log'
server or printed to a terminal session using the 'terminal_log' server.
Here is an exemplary snippet of an init configuration that integrates the NIC
dump into a scenario between a NIC bridge and a NIC router.
! <start name="nic_dump">
! <resource name="RAM" quantum="6M"/>
! <provides> <service name="Nic"/> </provides>
! <config uplink="bridge" downlink="router" time="yes"/>
! <route>
! <service name="Nic"> <child name="nic_bridge"/> </service>
! ...
! </route>
! </start>
NIC dump accepts three config parameters. The parameters 'uplink' and
'downlink' determine how the two NIC sessions are named in the output. The
'time' parameter decides whether to print a time stamp in front of each packet
dump or not. Should further protocol information be required, the 'print'
methods of the corresponding protocol classes provide a suitable hook. You can
find them in the 'net' library under 'os/src/lib/net' respectively
'os/include/net'.
For a comprehensive example of how to use the NIC dump, see the
run script 'libports/run/nic_dump.run'.
POSIX libc profile as shared library
====================================
As described in the
[https:/documentation/release-notes/17.02#New_execution_model_of_the_C_runtime - previous release notes],
the 'posix' library supplements Genode's libc with an implementation of a
'Libc::Component::construct' function that calls a traditional 'main'
function. It is primarily being used for ported 3rd-party software. As the
library is just a small supplement to the libc, we used to provide it as a
static library. However, by providing it as shared object with an ABI, we
effectively decouple the posix-library-using programs from the library
implementation, which happens to depend on several OS-level APIs such as the
VFS. We thereby eliminate the dependency of pure POSIX applications from
Genode-API details.
This change requires all run scripts that depend on POSIX components to extend
the argument list of 'build_boot_image' with 'posix.lib.so'.
State reporting of block-device-level components
================================================
Before this release, it was impossible to gain detailed information about
available block devices in Genode at runtime. The information was generated
offline and used as quite static configuration policies for the AHCI driver
and partition manager. As this is a top requirement for a Genode installer, we
addressed this issue in the relaxing atmosphere of this years Hack'n'Hike.
Our AHCI driver now supports a configuration node to enable reporting of port
states.
! <report ports="yes"/>
The resulting report contains information about active ports and types of
attached devices in '<port>' nodes. In case of ATA disks, the node also
contains the block count and size as well as model and serial information.
! <ports>
! <port num="0" type="ATA" block_count="32768" block_size="512"
! model="QEMU HARDDISK" serial="QM00005"/>
! <port num="1" type="ATAPI"/>
! <port num="2" type="ATA" block_count="32768" block_size="512"
! model="QEMU HARDDISK" serial="QM00009"/>
! </ports>
In a similar fashion, 'part_blk' now supports partition reporting, which can
be enabled via the <report> configuration node.
! <report partitions="yes"/>
The partition report contains information about the partition table type and
available partitions with number, type, first block, and the length of the
partition. In case of GPT tables, the report also contains name and GUID per
partition.
! <partitions type="mbr">
! <partition number="1" type="12" start="2048" length="2048"/>
! <partition number="2" type="15" start="4096" length="16384"/>
! <partition number="5" type="12" start="6144" length="4096"/>
! <partition number="6" type="12" start="12288" length="8192"/>
! </partitions>
! <partitions type="gpt">
! <partition number="1" name="one" type="ebd0a0a2-b9e5-4433-87c0-68b6b72699c7"
! guid="5f4061cc-8d4a-4e6f-ad15-10b881b79aee" start="2048" length="2048"/>
! <partition number="2" name="two" type="ebd0a0a2-b9e5-4433-87c0-68b6b72699c7"
! guid="87199a83-d0f4-4a01-b9e3-6516a8579d61" start="4096" length="16351"/>
! </partitions>
We would like to thank Boris Mulder for contributing the 'part_blk' reporting
facility.
Runtimes and applications
#########################
Feature-completeness of VirtualBox 5 on NOVA
============================================
We updated our Virtualbox 5 port to version 5.1.22 and enabled missing
features like SMP support, USB pass-through, audio, and guest additions
features like shared folders, clipboard, and dynamic desktop resizing.
The configuration of VBox 5 remains the same as for VBox 4 on Genode - so the
existing run scripts must only be adjusted with respect to the build and
binary names only.
Nim programming language
========================
In the previous release, we were proud to debut a
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/17.02#Linux_TCP_IP_stack_as_VFS_plugin - pluggable TCP/IP stack]
for the VFS library. This required an overhaul of the Berkley sockets and
'select' implementation within the POSIX runtime, but scrutiny of the POSIX
standard leaves us reluctant to endorse it as a network API.
We have committed to maintaining our own low-level "socket_fs" API but we
would not recommend using it directly in applications, nor would we commit to
creating a high-level, native API. An economic approach would be to support
existing network libraries, or one step further, support existing high-level
languages with well integrated standard libraries.
One such language would be [https://nim-lang.org/ - Nim]. This release adds
supports for Nim targets to the build-system and the Nim 0.17 release adds
Genode support to the Nim runtime. Nim supports compilation to C++, which
yields high integration at a low maintenance cost, and a full-featured
standard library that supports high-level application programming. Nim
features an intuitive asynchronous socket API for single-threaded applications
that abstracts the POSIX interface offered by the Genode C runtime. This has
the benefit of easing high-level application development while supplying
additional test coverage of the low-level runtime.
Thanks to the portable design of the language and compiler it only took a few
relatively simple steps to incorporate Genode platform support:
* Platform declarations were added to the compiler to standardize
compile-time conditional code for Genode.
* An additional template for generating C++ code was defined to wrap application
entry into 'Libc::component' rather than the conventional 'main' function.
* Nim procedures were defined for mapping pages into heaps managed by Nim's garbage
collector.
* Some of the standard library procedures for missing platform facilities
such as command line arguments were stubbed out.
* Threading, synchronization, and TLS support was defined in C++ classes and
wrapped into the Nim standard platform procedures.
To build Nim targets, the Genode toolchain invokes the Nim compiler to produce
C++ code and a JSON formatted build recipe. These recipes are then processed
into conventional makefiles for the generated C++ files and imported to
complete the dependency chain.
To get started with Nim, a local installation of the 0.17 Nim compiler is
required along with the 'jq' JSON parsing utility. Defining components in pure
Nim is uncomplicated and unchanged from normal targets, however defining
libraries is unsupported at the moment. A sample networked server is provided
at _repos/libports/src/test/nim_echo_server_. For a comprehensive introduction
to the language, please refer to [https://nim-lang.org/documentation.html].
If Nim proves to be well suited to Genode then further topics of development
will be support for the Nimble package manager, including Genode signals in
Nim event dispatching, and replacing POSIX abstractions with a fully native
OS layer.
Qt5 updated to version 5.8
==========================
We updated our Qt5 port to version 5.8. In the process, we removed the use of
deprecated Genode APIs, which has some implications for Qt5 application
developers, as some parts of Qt5 now need to be initialized with the Genode
environment:
* Qt5 applications with a 'main()' function need to link with the new
'qt5_component' library instead of the 'posix' library.
* Qt5 applications implementing 'Libc::Component::construct()' must
initialize the QtCore and QtGui libraries by calling the
'initialize_qt_core(Genode::Env &)' and 'initialize_qt_gui(Genode::Env &)'
functions.
* Qt5 applications using the 'QPluginWidget' class must implement
'Libc::Component::construct()' and call 'QPluginWidget::env(Genode::Env &)'
in addition to the QtCore and QtGui initialization functions.
Platforms
#########
Execution on bare hardware (base-hw)
====================================
Under the hood, the Genode variant for running on bare hardware is under heavy
maintenance. Originally started as an experiment, this kernel - written from
scratch - has evolved to a serious kernel component of the Genode building
blocks. While more and more hardware architectures and boards got supported,
the internal structure got too complicated recently. We started to reduce the
code parts that are included implicitly via so called SPEC values, and
describe the code structure more explicitly now to aid reviewers and
developers that are new to Genode. This progress has not been entirely
finished.
Another important change of the base-hw internals is the introduction of a
component that bootstraps the kernel resp. core. Instead of combining the
hardware initialization and kernel run-time in one component, those functions
are now split into separate ones. Thereby, complex procedures and custom-built
assembler code that is needed during initialization only, is not accessible by
the kernel at run-time anymore. It is discarded once the kernel initialization
is finished. Genode's core component now starts in an environment where the
MMU is already enabled, while the kernel is not necessarily mapped one-to-one
anymore.
The introduction of the bootstrap component for base-hw is the last
preparation step to execute Genode's core as privileged kernel-code inside the
protection domain of every component. Nowadays, each kernel entry on base-hw
implies an address-space switch. With the next Genode release 17.08, this will
finally change to a solution with better performance and low-complexity kernel
entry/exit paths.
Additionally, our port of the RISC-V platform has been updated from privileged
ISA version 1.7 to 1.9.1. This step became necessary because of the tool-chain
update described below. With this update, we now take advantage of the
Supervisor Binary Interface (SBI) of RISC-V and where able to drop
machine-mode handling altogether. Machine mode is implemented by the Berkeley
Boot Loader (BBL) which now bootstraps core. Through the SBI interface core is
able to communicate with BBL and transparently take advantage of features like
serial output, timer programming, inter-processor interrupts, or CPU
information. Note that the ISA update is still work in progress. While we are
able to execute statically linked scenarios, support for dynamically linked
binaries remains an open issue.
Muen separation kernel update
=============================
The Muen Separation Kernel port has been brought up to date. Most relevant to
Genode are the build-system adaptations, which enable smoother integration
with the Genode's autopilot testing infrastructure.
Aside from this change, other features include support for xHCI debug,
addition of Lenovo x260 and Intel NUC 6i7KYK hardware configurations, support
for Linux 4.10 and many other improvements.
Fiasco.OC kernel update
=======================
Four years have elapsed since the Fiasco.OC kernel used by the Genode OS
framework was updated last. Due to the tool-chain update of the current
release, we took the opportunity to replace this kernel with the most recent
open-source version (r72) that is publicly available.
Upgrading to a newer kernel version after such a long period of time always
means to invest some effort. To lower the hurdle, some kernel-specific
features got dropped. On the one hand, they would have needed additional
patches of the original kernel code, but primarily they were not used by
anyone actively. Those features are:
* GDB debugging extensions for Genode/Fiasco.OC
* i.MX53 support for Fiasco.OC
* A terminal driver to access the Fiasco.OC kernel debugger
Apart from the features that got omitted, the new Fiasco.OC version comprises
support of new architectures and boards, as well as several bugfixes. Thereby,
it serves as a more sustainable base for the integrator looking for an
appropriate kernel component.
Tool chain
##########
GNU compiler collection (GCC) 6.3 including Ada support
=======================================================
Genode's official tool chain has received a major update to GCC version 6.3
and binutils version 2.28. The new tool-chain build script facilitates
Genode's ports mechanism for downloading the tool-chain's source code. This
way, the tool-chain build for the host system is created from the exact same
source code as the version that runs inside Genode's Noux runtime.
Furthermore, the new version includes support for the Ada programming
language. This addition was motivated by several members of the Genode
community. In particular, it paves the ground for new components jointly
developed with Codelabs (the developers of the Muen separation kernel), or the
potential reuse of recent coreboot device drivers on Genode.
Separated debug versions of built executables
=============================================
The _<build-dir>/bin/_ directory used to contain symbolic links to the
unstripped build results. However, since the new depot tool introduced with
Genode's package management extracts the content of binary archives from
_bin/_, the resulting archives would contain overly large unstripped binaries,
which is undesired. On the other hand, unconditionally stripping the build
results is not a good option either because we rely on symbol information
during debugging.
For this reason, build results are now installed at a new 'debug/' directory
located aside the existing 'bin/' directory. The debug directory contains
symbolic links to the unstripped build results whereas the bin directory
contains stripped binaries that are palatable for packaging (depot tool) and
for assembling boot images (run tool).
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