==================== Genode Porting Guide ==================== Genode Labs GmbH Overview ######## This document describes the basic workflows for porting applications, libraries, and device drivers to the Genode framework. It consists of the following sections: :[http:porting_applications - Porting third-party code to Genode]: Overview of the general steps needed to use 3rd-party code on Genode. :[http:porting_dosbox - Porting a program to natively run on Genode]: Step-by-step description of applying the steps described in the first section to port an application, using DosBox as an example. :[http:porting_libraries - Native Genode port of a library]: Many 3rd-party applications have library dependencies. This section shows how to port a library using SDL_net (needed by DosBox) as an example. :[http:porting_noux_packages - Porting an application to Genode's Noux runtime]: On Genode, there exists an environment specially tailored to execute command-line based Unix software, the so-called Noux runtime. This section demonstrates how to port and execute the tar program within Noux. :[http:porting_device_drivers - Porting devices drivers]: This chapter describes the concepts of how to port a device driver to the Genode framework. It requires the basic knowledge introduced in the previous chapters and should be read last. Before reading this guide, it is strongly advised to read the "The Genode Build System" documentation: :Build-system manual: [http://genode.org/documentation/developer-resources/build_system] Porting third-party code to Genode ################################## Porting an existing program or library to Genode is for the most part a straight-forward task and depends mainly on the complexity of the program itself. Genode provides a fairly complete libc based on FreeBSD's libc whose functionality can be extended by so-called libc plugins. If the program one wants to port solely uses standard libc functions, porting becomes easy. Every porting task involves usually the same steps which are outlined below. Steps in porting applications to Genode ======================================= # Check requirements/dependencies (e.g. on Linux) The first step is gathering information about the application, e.g. what functionality needs to be provided by the target system and which libraries does it use. # Create a port file Prepare the source code of the application for the use within Genode. The Genode build-system infrastructure uses fetch rules, so called port files, which declare where the source is obtained from, what patches are applied to the source code, and where the source code will be stored and configured. # Check platform dependent code and create stub code This step may require changes to the original source code of the application to be compilable for Genode. At this point, it is not necessary to provide a working implementation for required functions. Just creating stubs of the various functions is fine. # Create build-description file To compile the application we need build rules. Within these rules we also declare all dependencies (e.g. libraries) that are needed by it. The location of these rules depends on the type of the application. Normal programs on one hand use a _target.mk_ file, which is located in the program directory (e.g. _src/app/foobar_) within a given Genode repository. Libraries on the other hand use one or more _.mk_ files that are placed in the _lib/mk_ directory of a Genode repository. In addition, libraries have to provide _import-.mk_ files. Amongst other things, these files are used by applications to find the associated header files of a library. The import files are placed in the _lib/import_ directory. # Create a run script to ease testing To ease the testing of applications, it is reasonable to write a run script that creates a test scenario for the application. This run script is used to automatically build all components of the Genode OS framework that are needed to run the application as well as the application itself. Testing the application on any of the kernels supported by Genode becomes just a matter of executing the run script. # Compile the application The ported application is compiled from within the respective build directory like any other application or component of Genode. The build system of Genode uses the build rules created in the fourth step. # Run the application While porting an application, easy testing is crucial. By using the run script that was written in the fifth step we reduce the effort. # Debug the application In most cases, a ported application does not work right away. We have to debug misbehaviour and implement certain functionality in the platform-depending parts of the application so that is can run on Genode. There are several facilities available on Genode that help in the process. These are different on each Genode platform but basically break down to using either a kernel debugger (e.g., JDB on Fiasco.OC) or 'gdb(1)'. The reader of this guide is advised to take a look at the "User-level debugging on Genode via GDB" documentation. _The order of step 1-4 is not mandatory but is somewhat natural._ Porting a program to natively run on Genode ########################################### As an example on how to create a native port of a program for Genode, we will describe the porting of DosBox more closely. Hereby, each of the steps outlined in the previous section will be discussed in detail. Check requirements/dependencies =============================== In the first step, we build DosBox for Linux/x86 to obtain needed information. Nowadays, most applications use a build-tool like Autotools or something similar that will generate certain files (e.g., _config.h_). These files are needed to successfully compile the program. Naturally they are required on Genode as well. Since Genode does not use the original build tool of the program for native ports, it is appropriate to copy those generated files and adjust them later on to match Genode's settings. We start by checking out the source code of DosBox from its subversion repository: ! $ svn export http://svn.code.sf.net/p/dosbox/code-0/dosbox/trunk@3837 dosbox-svn-3837 ! $ cd dosbox-svn-3837 At this point, it is helpful to disable certain options that are not available or used on Genode just to keep the noise down: ! $ ./configure --disable-opengl ! $ make > build.log 2>&1 After the DosBox binary is successfully built, we have a log file (build.log) of the whole build process at our disposal. This log file will be helpful later on when the _target.mk_ file needs to be created. In addition, we will inspect the DosBox binary: ! $ readelf -d -t src/dosbox|grep NEEDED ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libasound.so.2] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libdl.so.2] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libpthread.so.0] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libSDL-1.2.so.0] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libpng12.so.0] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libz.so.1] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libSDL_net-1.2.so.0] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libX11.so.6] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libstdc++.so.6] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libm.so.6] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libgcc_s.so.1] ! 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6] Using _readelf_ on the binary shows all direct dependencies. We now know that at least libSDL, libSDL_net, libstdc++, libpng, libz, and libm are required by DosBox. The remaining libraries are mostly mandatory on Linux and do not matter on Genode. Luckily all of these libraries are already available on Genode. For now all we have to do is to keep them in mind. Creating the port file ====================== Since DosBox is an application, which depends on several ported libraries (e.g., libSDL), the _ports_ repository within the Genode source tree is a natural fit. On that account, the port file _ports/ports/dosbox.port_ is created. For DosBox the _dosbox.port_ looks as follows: ! LICENSE := GPLv2 ! VERSION := svn ! DOWNLOADS := dosbox.svn ! ! URL(dosbox) := http://svn.code.sf.net/p/dosbox/code-0/dosbox/trunk ! DIR(dosbox) := src/app/dosbox ! REV(dosbox) := 3837 First, we define the license, the version and the type of the source code origin. In case of DosBox, we checkout the source code from a Subversion repository. This is denoted by the '.svn' suffix of the item specified in the 'DOWNLOADS' declaration. Other valid types are 'file' (a plain file), 'archive' (an archive of the types tar.gz, tar.xz, tgz, tar.bz2, or zip) or 'git' (a Git repository). To checkout the source code out from the Subversion repository, we also need its URL, the revision we want to check out and the destination directory that will contain the sources afterwards. These declarations are mandatory and must always be specified. Otherwise the preparation of the port will fail. ! PATCHES := $(addprefix src/app/dosbox/patches/,\ ! $(notdir $(wildcard $(REP_DIR)/src/app/dosbox/patches/*.patch))) ! ! PATCH_OPT := -p2 -d src/app/dosbox As next step, we declare all patches that are needed for the DosBox port. Since in this case, the patches are using a different path format, we have to override the default patch settings by defining the _PATCH_OPT_ variable. Each port file comes along with a hash file. This hash is generated by taking several sources into account. For one, the port file, each patch and the port preparation tool (_tool/ports/prepare_port_) are the ingredients for the hash value. If any of these files is changed, a new hash will be generated, For now, we just write "dummy" in the '_ports/ports/dosbox.hash_ file. The DosBox port can now be prepared by executing ! $ /tool/ports/prepare_port dosbox However, we get the following error message: ! Error: /ports/dosbox.port is out of date, expected We get this message because we had specified the "dummy" hash value in the _dosbox.hash_ file. The prepare_port tool computes a fingerprint of the actual version of the port and compares this fingerprint with the hash value specified in _dosbox.hash_. The computed fingerprint can be found at _/contrib/dosbox-dummy/dosbox.hash_. In the final step of the port, we will replace the dummy fingerprint with the actual fingerprint of the port. But before finalizing the porting work, it is practical to keep using the dummy hash and suppress the fingerprint check. This can be done by adding 'CHECK_HASH=no' as argument to the prepare_port tool: ! $ /tool/ports/prepare-port dosbox CHECK_HASH=no Check platform-dependent code ============================= At this point, it is important to spot platform-dependent source files or rather certain functions that are not yet available on Genode. These source files should be omitted. Of course they may be used as a guidance when implementing the functionality for Genode later on, when creating the _target.mk_ file. In particular the various 'cdrom_ioctl_*.cpp' files are such candidates in this example. Creating the build Makefile =========================== Now it is time to write the build rules into the _target.mk_, which will be placed in _ports/src/app/dosbox_. Armed with the _build.log_ that we created while building DosBox on Linux, we assemble a list of needed source files. If an application just uses a simple Makefile and not a build tool, it might be easier to just reuse the contents of this Makefile instead. First of all, we create a shortcut for the source directory of DosBox by calling the 'select_from_ports' function: ! DOSBOX_DIR := $(call select_from_ports,dosbox)/src/app/dosbox Under the hood, the 'select_from_ports' function looks up the fingerprint of the specified port by reading the corresponding .hash file. It then uses this hash value to construct the directory path within the _contrib/_ directory that belongs to the matching version of the port. If there is no hash file that matches the port name, or if the port directory does not exist, the build system will back out with an error message. Examining the log file leaves us with the following list of source files: ! SRC_CC_cpu = $(notdir $(wildcard $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src/cpu/*.cpp)) ! SRC_CC_debug = $(notdir $(wildcard $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src/debug/*.cpp)) ! FILTER_OUT_dos = cdrom_aspi_win32.cpp cdrom_ioctl_linux.cpp cdrom_ioctl_os2.cpp \ ! cdrom_ioctl_win32.cpp ! SRC_CC_dos = $(filter-out $(FILTER_OUT_dos), \ ! $(notdir $(wildcard $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src/*.cpp))) ! […] ! SRC_CC = $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src/dosbox.cpp ! SRC_CC += $(SRC_CC_cpu) $(SRC_CC_debug) $(SRC_CC_dos) $(SRC_CC_fpu) \ ! $(SRC_CC_gui) $(SRC_CC_hw) $(SRC_CC_hw_ser) $(SRC_CC_ints) \ ! $(SRC_CC_ints) $(SRC_CC_misc) $(SRC_CC_shell) ! ! vpath %.cpp $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src ! vpath %.cpp $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src/cpu ! […] _The only variable here that is actually evaluated by Genode's build-system is_ 'SRC_CC'. _The rest of the variables are little helpers that make our_ _life more comfortable._ In this case, it is mandatory to use GNUMake's 'notdir' file name function because otherwise the compiled object files would be stored within the _contrib_ directories. Genode runs on multiple platforms with varying architectures and mixing object files is considered harmful, which can happen easily if the application is build from the original source directory. That's why you have to use a build directory for each platform. The Genode build system will create the needed directory hierarchy within the build directory automatically. By combining GNUMake's 'notdir' and 'wildcard' function, we can assemble a list of all needed source files without much effort. We then use 'vpath' to point GNUMake to the right source file within the dosbox directory. The remaining thing to do now is setting the right include directories and proper compiler flags: ! INC_DIR += $(PRG_DIR) ! INC_DIR += $(DOSBOX_DIR)/include ! INC_DIR += $(addprefix $(DOSBOX_DIR)/src, cpu debug dos fpu gui hardware \ ! hardware/serialport ints misc shell) 'PRG_DIR' _is a special variable of Genode's build-system_ _and its value is always the absolute path to the directory containing_ _the 'target.mk' file._ We copy the _config.h_ file, which was generated in the first step to this directory and change certain parts of it to better match Genode's environment. Below is a skimmed diff of these changes: ! --- config.h.orig 2013-10-21 15:27:45.185719517 +0200 ! +++ config.h 2013-10-21 15:36:48.525727975 +0200 ! @@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ ! /* #undef AC_APPLE_UNIVERSAL_BUILD */ ! ! /* Compiling on BSD */ ! -/* #undef BSD */ ! +/* Genode's libc is based on FreeBSD 8.2 */ ! +#define BSD 1 ! ! […] ! ! /* The type of cpu this target has */ ! -#define C_TARGETCPU X86_64 ! +/* we define it ourself */ ! +/* #undef C_TARGETCPU */ ! ! […] Thereafter, we specify the compiler flags: ! CC_OPT = -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -D_GNU_SOURCE=1 -D_REENTRANT ! ifeq ($(filter-out $(SPECS),x86_32),) ! INC_DIR += $(PRG_DIR)/x86_32 ! CC_OPT += -DC_TARGETCPU=X86 ! else ifeq ($(filter-out $(SPECS),x86_64),) ! INC_DIR += $(PRG_DIR)/x86_64 ! CC_OPT += -DC_TARGETCPU=X86_64 ! endif ! ! CC_WARN = -Wall ! #CC_WARN += -Wno-unused-variable -Wno-unused-function -Wno-switch \ ! -Wunused-value -Wno-unused-but-set-variable As noted in the commentary seen in the diff we define 'C_TARGETCPU' and adjust the include directories ourselves according to the target architecture. While debugging, compiler warnings for 3rd-party code are really helpful but tend to be annoying after the porting work is finished, we can remove the hashmark to keep the compiler from complaining too much. Lastly, we need to add the required libraries, which we acquired in step 1: ! LIBS += libc libm libpng sdl stdcxx zlib ! LIBS += libc_lwip_nic_dhcp config_args In addition to the required libraries, a few Genode specific libraries are also needed. These libraries implement certain functions in the libc via the libc's plugin mechanism. libc_lwip_nic_dhcp, for example, is used to connect the BSD socket interface to a NIC service such as a network device driver. Creating the run script ======================= To ease compiling, running and debugging DosBox, we create a run script at _ports/run/dosbox.run_. First, we specify the components that need to be built ! set build_components { ! core init drivers/audio drivers/framebuffer drivers/input ! drivers/pci drivers/timer app/dosbox ! } ! build $build_components and instruct _tool/run_ to create the boot directory that hosts all binaries and files which belong to the DosBox scenario. As the name 'build_components' suggests, you only have to declare the components of Genode, which are needed in this scenario. All dependencies of DosBox (e.g. libSDL) will be built before DosBox itself. Nextm we provide the scenario's configuration 'config': ! append config { ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! } ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! } ! install_config $config The _config_ file will be used by the init program to start all components and application of the scenario, including DosBox. Thereafter we declare all boot modules: ! set boot_modules { ! core init timer audio_drv fb_drv ps2_drv ld.lib.so ! libc.lib.so libm.lib.so ! lwip.lib.so libpng.lib.so stdcxx.lib.so sdl.lib.so ! pthread.lib.so zlib.lib.so dosbox dosbox.tar ! } ! build_boot_image $boot_modules The boot modules comprise all binaries and other files like the tar archive that contains DosBox' configuration file _dosbox.conf_ that are needed for this scenario to run sucessfully. Finally, we set certain options, which are used when Genode is executed in Qemu and instruct _tool/run_ to keep the scenario executing as long as it is not manually stopped: ! append qemu_args " -m 256 -soundhw ac97 " ! run_genode_until forever _It is reasonable to write the run script in a way that makes it possible_ _to use it for multiple Genode platforms. Debugging is often done on_ _Genode/Linux or on another Genode platform running in Qemu but testing_ _is normally done using actual hardware._ Compiling the program ===================== To compile DosBox and all libraries it depends on, we execute ! $ make app/dosbox from within Genode's build directory. _We could also use the run script that we created in the previous step but_ _that would build all components that are needed to actually run_ DosBox _and at this point our goal is just to get_ DosBox _compiled._ At the first attempt, the compilation stopped because g++ could not find the header file _sys/timeb.h_: ! /src/genode/ports/contrib/dosbox-svn-3837/src/ints/bios.cpp:35:23: fatal error: ! sys/timeb.h: No such file or directory This header is part of the libc but until now there was no program, which actually used this header. So nobody noticed that it was missing. This can happen all time when porting a new application to Genode because most functionality is enabled or rather added on demand. Someone who is porting applications to Genode has to be aware of the fact that it might be necessary to extend Genode functionality by enabling so far disabled bits or implementing certain functionality needed by the application that is ported. Since 'ftime(3)' is a deprecated function anyway we change the code of DosBox to use 'gettimeofday(2)'. After this was fixed, we face another problem: ! /src/genode/ports/contrib/dosbox-svn-3837/src/ints/int10_vesa.cpp:48:33: error: ! unable to find string literal operator ‘operator"" VERSION’ The fix is quite simple and the compile error was due to the fact that Genode uses C++11 by now. It often happens that 3rd party code is not well tested with a C++11 enabled compiler. In any case, a patch file should be created which will be applied when preparing the port. Furthermore it would be reasonable to report the bug to the DosBox developers so it can be fixed upstream. We can then get rid of our local patch. The next show stoppers are missing symbols in Genode's SDL library port. As it turns out, we never actually compiled and linked in the cdrom dummy code which is provided by SDL. Running the application ======================= DosBox was compiled successfully. Now it is time to execute the binary on Genode. Hence we use the run script we created in step 5: ! $ make run/dosbox This may take some time because all other components of the Genode OS Framework that are needed for this scenario have to be built. Debugging the application ========================= DosBox was successfully compiled but unfortunately it did not run. To be honest that was expected and here the fun begins. At this point, there are several options to chose from. By running Genode/Fiasco.OC within Qemu, we can use the kernel debugger (JDB) to take a deeper look at what went wrong (e.g., backtraces of the running processes, memory dumps of the faulted DosBox process etc.). Doing this can be quite taxing but fortunately Genode runs on multiple kernels and often problems on one kernel can be reproduced on another kernel. For this reason, we choose Genode/Linux where we can use all the normal debugging tools like 'gdb(1)', 'valgrind(1)' and so on. Luckily for us, DosBox also fails to run on Genode/Linux. The debugging steps are naturally dependent on the ported software. In the case of DosBox, the remaining stumbling blocks were a few places where DosBox assumed Linux as a host platform. For the sake of completeness here is a list of all files that were created by porting DosBox to Genode: ! ports/ports/dosbox.hash ! ports/ports/dosbox.port ! ports/run/dosbox.run ! ports/src/app/dosbox/config.h ! ports/src/app/dosbox/patches/bios.patch ! ports/src/app/dosbox/patches/int10_vesa.patch ! ports/src/app/dosbox/target.mk ! ports/src/app/dosbox/x86_32/size_defs.h ! ports/src/app/dosbox/x86_64/size_defs.h [image dosbox] DosBox ported to Genode Finally, after having tested that both the preparation-step and the build of DosBox work as expected, it is time to finalize the fingerprint stored in the _/ports/ports/dosbox.hash_ file. This can be done by copying the content of the _/contrib/dosbox-dummy/dosbox.hash file_. Alternatively, you may invoke the _tool/ports/update_hash_ tool with the port name "dosbox" as argument. The next time, you invoke the prepare_port tool, do not specify the 'CHECK_HASH=no' argument. So the fingerprint check will validate that the _dosbox.hash_ file corresponds to your _dosbox.port_ file. From now on, the _/contrib/dosbox-dummy_ directory will no longer be used because the _dosbox.hash_ file points to the port directory named after the real fingerprint. Native Genode port of a library ############################### Porting a library to be used natively on Genode is similar to porting an application to run natively on Genode. The source codes have to be obtained and, if needed, patched to run on Genode. As an example on how to port a library to natively run on Genode, we will describe the porting of SDL_net in more detail. Ported libraries are placed in the _libports_ repository of Genode. But this is just a convention. Feel free to host your library port in a custom repository of your's. Checking requirements/dependencies ================================== We will proceed as we did when we ported DosBox to run natively on Genode. First we build SDL_net on Linux to obtain a log file of the whole build process: ! $ wget http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_net/release/SDL_net-1.2.8.tar.gz ! $ tar xvzf SDL_net-1.2.8.tar.gz ! $ cd SDL_net-1.2.8 ! $ ./configure ! $ make > build.log 2>&1 Creating the port file ====================== We start by creating _/libports/ports/sdl_net.port: ! LICENSE := BSD ! VERSION := 1.2.8 ! DOWNLOADS := sdl_net.archive ! ! URL(sdl_net) := http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_net/release/SDL_net-$(VERSION).tar.gz ! SHA(sdl_net) := fd393059fef8d9925dc20662baa3b25e02b8405d ! DIR(sdl_net) := src/lib/sdl_net ! ! PATCHES := src/lib/sdl_net/SDLnet.patch src/lib/sdl_net/SDL_net.h.patch In addition to the URL the SHA1 checksum of the SDL_net archive needs to specified because _tool/prepare_port_ validates the downloaded archive by using this hash. Applications that want to use SDL_net have to include the 'SDL_net.h' header file. Hence it is necessary to make this file visible to applications. This is done by populating the _/contrib/sdl-/include_ directory: ! DIRS := include/SDL ! DIR_CONTENT(include/SDL) := src/lib/sdl_net/SDL_net.h For now, we also use a dummy hash in the _sdl_net.hash_ file like it was done while porting DosBox. We will replace the dummy hash with the proper one at the end. Creating the build Makefile =========================== We create the build rules in _libports/lib/mk/sdl_net.mk_: ! SDL_NET_DIR := $(call select_from_ports,sdl_net)/src/lib/sdl_net ! ! SRC_C = $(notdir $(wildcard $(SDL_NET_DIR)/SDLnet*.c)) ! ! vpath %.c $(SDL_NET_DIR) ! ! INC_DIR += $(SDL_NET_DIR) ! ! LIBS += libc sdl 'SDL_net' should be used as shared library. To achieve this, we have to add the following statement to the 'mk' file: ! SHARED_LIB = yes _If we omit this statement, Genode's build system will automatically_ _build SDL_net as a static library called_ 'sdl_net.lib.a' _that_ _is linked directly into the application._ It is reasonable to create a dummy application that uses the library because it is only possible to build libraries automatically as a dependency of an application. Therefore we create _libports/src/test/libports/sdl_net/target.mk_ with the following content: ! TARGET = test-sdl_net ! LIBS = libc sdl_net ! SRC_CC = main.cc ! vpath main.cc $(PRG_DIR)/.. At this point we also create _lib/import/import-sdl_net.mk_ with the following content: ! SDL_NET_PORT_DIR := $(call select_from_ports,sdl_net) ! INC_DIR += $(SDL_NET_PORT_DIR)/include $(SDL_NET_PORT_DIR)/include/SDL Each port that depends on SDL_net and has added it to its LIBS variable will automatically include the _import-sdl_net.mk_ file and therefore will use the specified include directory to find the _SDL_net.h_ header. Compiling the library ===================== We compile the SDL_net library as a side effect of building our dummy test program by executing ! $ make test/libports/sdl_net All source files are compiled fine but unfortunately the linking of the library does not succeed: ! /src/genodebuild/foc_x86_32/var/libcache/sdl_net/sdl_net.lib.so: ! undefined reference to `gethostbyaddr' The symbol 'gethostbyaddr' is missing, which is often a clear sign of a missing dependency. In this case however 'gethostbyaddr(3)' is missing because this function does not exist in Genode's libc _(*)_. But 'getaddrinfo(3)' exists. We are now facing the choice of implementing 'gethostbyaddr(3)' or changing the code of SDL_net to use 'getaddrinfo(3)'. Porting applications or libraries to Genode always may involve this kind of choice. Which way is the best has to be decided by closely examining the matter at hand. Sometimes it is better to implement the missing functions and sometimes it is more beneficial to change the contributed code. In this case, we opt for changing SDL_net because the former function is obsolete anyway and implementing 'gethostbyaddr(3)' involves changes to several libraries in Genode, namely libc and the network related libc plugin. Although we have to keep in mind that it is likely to encounter another application or library that also uses this function in the future. With this change in place, SDL_net compiles fine. _(*) Actually this function is implemented in the Genode's_ libc _but is_ _only available by using libc_resolv which we did not do for the sake of_ _this example._ Testing the library =================== The freshly ported library is best tested with the application, which was the reason the library was ported in the first place, since it is unlikely that we port a library just for fun and no profit. Therefore, it is not necessary to write a run script for a library alone. For the records, here is a list of all files that were created by porting SDL_net to Genode: ! libports/lib/mk/sdl_net.mk ! libports/lib/mk/import/import-sdl_net.mk ! libports/ports/sdl_net.hash ! libports/ports/sdl_net.port ! libports/src/lib/sdl_net/SDLnet.patch ! libports/test/libports/sdl_net/target.mk Porting an application to Genode's Noux runtime ############################################### Porting an application to Genode's Noux runtime is basically the same as porting a program to natively run on Genode. The source code has to be prepared and, if needed, patched to run in Noux. However in contrast to this, there are Noux build rules (_ports/mk/noux.mk_) that enable us to use the original build-tool if it is based upon Autotools. Building the application is done within a cross-compile environment. In this environment all needed variables like 'CC', 'LD', 'CFLAGS' and so on are set to their proper values. In addition to these precautions, using _noux.mk_ simplifies certain things. The system-call handling/functions is/are implemented in the libc plugin _libc_noux_ (the source code is found in _ports/src/lib/libc_noux_). All applications running in Noux have to be linked against this library which is done implicitly by using the build rules of Noux. As an example on how to port an application to Genode's Noux runtime, we will describe the porting of GNU's 'tar' tool in more detail. A ported application is normally referred to as a Noux package. Checking requirements/dependencies ================================== As usual, we first build GNU tar on Linux/x86 and capture the build process: ! $ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.27.tar.xz ! $ tar xJf tar-1.27.tar.xz ! $ cd tar-1.27 ! $ ./configure ! $ make > build.log 2>&1 Creating the port file ====================== We start by creating the port Makefile _ports/ports/tar.mk_: ! LICENSE := GPLv3 ! VERSION := 1.27 ! DOWNLOADS := tar.archive ! ! URL(tar) := http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-$(VERSION).tar.xz ! SHA(tar) := 790cf784589a9fcc1ced33517e71051e3642642f ! SIG(tar) := ${URL(tar)}.sig ! KEY(tar) := GNU ! DIR(tar) := src/noux-pkg/tar _As of version 14.05, Genode does not check the signature specified via_ _the SIG and KEY declaration but relies the SHA checksum only. However,_ _as signature checks are planned in the future, we use to include the_ _respective declarations if signature files are available._ While porting GNU tar we will use a dummy hash as well. Creating the build rule ======================= Build rules for Noux packages are located in _/ports/src/noux-pkgs_. The _tar/target.mk_ corresponding to GNU tar looks like this: ! NOUX_CONFIGURE_ARGS = --bindir=/bin \ ! --libexecdir=/libexec ! ! include $(REP_DIR)/mk/noux.mk The variable 'NOUX_CONFIGURE_ARGS' contains the options that are passed on to Autoconf's configure script. The Noux specific build rules in _noux.mk_ always have to be included last. The build rules for GNU tar are quite short and therefore at the end of this chapter we take a look at a much more extensive example. Creating a run script ===================== Creating a run script to test Noux packages is the same as it is with running natively ported applications. Therefore we will only focus on the Noux-specific parts of the run script and omit the rest. First, we add the desired Noux packages to 'build_components': ! set noux_pkgs "bash coreutils tar" ! ! foreach pkg $noux_pkgs { ! lappend_if [expr ![file exists bin/$pkg]] build_components noux-pkg/$pkg } ! ! build $build_components Since each Noux package is, like every other Genode binary, installed to the _/bin_ directory, we create a tar archive of each package from each directory: ! foreach pkg $noux_pkgs { ! exec tar cfv bin/$pkg.tar -h -C bin/$pkg . } _Using noux.mk makes sure that each package is always installed to_ _/bin/._ Later on, we will use these tar archives to assemble the file system hierarchy within Noux. Most applications ported to Noux want to read and write files. On that matter, it is reasonable to provide a file-system service and the easiest way to do this is to use the ram_fs server. This server provides a RAM-backed file system, which is perfect for testing Noux applications. With the help of the session label we can route multiple directories to the file system in Noux: ! append config { ! ! […] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! […] The file system Noux presents to the running applications is constructed out of several stacked file systems. These file systems have to be registered in the 'fstab' node in the configuration node of Noux: ! ! ! ! } Each Noux package is added ! foreach pkg $noux_pkgs { ! append config { ! " }} and the routes to the ram_fs file system are configured: ! append config { ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! } In this example we save the run script as _ports/run/noux_tar.run_. Compiling the Noux package ========================== Now we can trigger the compilation of tar by executing ! $ make VERBOSE= noux-pkg/tar _At least on the first compilation attempt, it is wise to unset_ 'VERBOSE' _because it enables us to see the whole output of the_ 'configure' _process._ By now, Genode provides almost all libc header files that are used by typical POSIX programs. In most cases, it is rather a matter of enabling the right definitions and compilation flags. It might be worth to take a look at FreeBSD's ports tree because Genode's libc is based upon the one of FreeBSD 8.2.0 and if certain changes to the contributed code are needed, they are normally already done in the ports tree. The script _noux_env.sh_ that is used to create the cross-compile environment as well as the famous _config.log_ are found in _/noux-pkg/_. Running the Noux package ======================== We use the previously written run script to start the scenario, in which we can execute and test the Noux package by issuing: ! $ make run/noux_tar After the system has booted and Noux is running, we first create some test files from within the running bash process: ! bash-4.1$ mkdir /tmp/foo ! bash-4.1$ echo 'foobar' > /tmp/foo/bar Following this we try to create a ".tar" archive of the directory _/tmp/foo_ ! bash-4.1$ cd /tmp ! bash-4.1$ tar cvf foo.tar foo/ ! tar: /tmp/foo: Cannot stat: Function not implemented ! tar: Exiting with failure status due to previous errors ! bash-4.1$ Well, this does not look too good but at least we have a useful error message that leads (hopefully) us into the right direction. Debugging an application that uses the Noux runtime =================================================== Since the Noux service is basically the kernel part of our POSIX runtime environment, we can ask Noux to show us the system calls executed by tar. We change its configuration in the run script to trace all system calls: ! […] ! ! ! […] We start the runscript again, create the test files and try to create a ".tar" archive. It still fails but now we have a trace of all system calls and know at least what is going in Noux itself: ! […] ! [init -> noux] PID 0 -> SYSCALL FORK ! [init -> noux] PID 0 -> SYSCALL WAIT4 ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL STAT ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL EXECVE ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL STAT ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL GETTIMEOFDAY ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL STAT ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL OPEN ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FTRUNCATE ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FSTAT ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL GETTIMEOFDAY ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FCNTL ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL WRITE ! [init -> noux -> /bin/tar] DUMMY fstatat(): fstatat called, not implemented ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FCNTL ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FCNTL ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL WRITE ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FCNTL ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL WRITE ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL GETTIMEOFDAY ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL CLOSE ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL FCNTL ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL WRITE ! [init -> noux] PID 5 -> SYSCALL CLOSE ! [init -> noux] child /bin/tar exited with exit value 2 ! […] _The trace log was shortened to only contain the important information._ We now see at which point something went wrong. To be honest, we see the 'DUMMY' message even without enabling the tracing of system calls. But there are situations where a application is actually stuck in a (blocking) system call and it is difficult to see in which. Anyhow, 'fstatat' is not properly implemented. At this point, we either have to add this function to the Genode's libc or rather add it to libc_noux. If we add it to the libc, not only applications running in Noux will benefit but all applications using the libc. Implementing it in libc_noux is the preferred way if there are special circumstances because we have to treat the function differently when used in Noux (e.g. 'fork'). For the sake of completeness here is a list of all files that were created by porting GNU tar to Genode's Noux runtime: ! ports/ports/tar.hash ! ports/ports/tar.port ! ports/run/noux_tar.run ! ports/src/noux-pkg/tar/target.mk Extensive build rules example ============================= The build rules for OpenSSH are much more extensive than the ones in the previous example. Let us take a quick look at those build rules to get a better understanding of possible challenges one may encounter while porting a program to Noux: ! # This prefix 'magic' is needed because OpenSSH uses $exec_prefix ! # while compiling (e.g. -DSSH_PATH) and in the end the $prefix and ! # $exec_prefix path differ. ! ! NOUX_CONFIGURE_ARGS += --disable-ip6 \ ! […] ! --exec-prefix= \ ! --bindir=/bin \ ! --sbindir=/bin \ ! --libexecdir=/bin In addition to the normal configure options, we have to also define the path prefixes. The OpenSSH build system embeds certain paths in the ssh binary, which need to be changed for Noux. ! NOUX_INSTALL_TARGET = install Normally the Noux build rules (_noux.mk_) execute 'make install-strip' to explicitly install binaries that are stripped of their debug symbols. The generated Makefile of OpenSSH does not use this target. It automatically strips the binaries when executing 'make install'. Therefore, we set the variable 'NOUX_INSTALL_TARGET' to override the default behaviour of the Noux build rules. ! LIBS += libcrypto libssl zlib libc_resolv As OpenSSH depends on several libraries, we need to include these in the build Makefile. These libraries are runtime dependencies and need to be present when running OpenSSH in Noux. Sometimes it is needed to patch the original build system. One way to do this is by applying a patch while preparing the source code. The other way is to do it before building the Noux package: ! noux_built.tag: Makefile Makefile_patch ! ! Makefile_patch: Makefile ! @# ! @# Our $(LDFLAGS) contain options which are usable by gcc(1) ! @# only. So instead of using ld(1) to link the binary, we have ! @# to use gcc(1). ! @# ! $(VERBOSE)sed -i 's|^LD=.*|LD=$(CC)|' Makefile ! @# ! @# We do not want to generate host-keys because we are crosscompiling ! @# and we can not run Genode binaries on the build system. ! @# ! $(VERBOSE)sed -i 's|^install:.*||' Makefile ! $(VERBOSE)sed -i 's|^install-nokeys:|install:|' Makefile ! @# ! @# The path of ssh(1) is hardcoded to $(bindir)/ssh which in our ! @# case is insufficient. ! @# ! $(VERBOSE)sed -i 's|^SSH_PROGRAM=.*|SSH_PROGRAM=/bin/ssh|' Makefile The target _noux_built.tag_ is a special target defined by the Noux build rules. It will be used by the build rules when building the Noux package. We add the 'Makefile_patch' target as a dependency to it. So after configure is executed, the generated Makefile will be patched. Autoconf's configure script checks if all requirements are fulfilled and therefore, tests if all required libraries are installed on the host system. This is done by linking a small test program against the particular library. Since these libraries are only build-time dependencies, we fool the configure script by providing dummy libraries: ! # ! # Make the zlib linking test succeed ! # ! Makefile: dummy_libs ! ! NOUX_LDFLAGS += -L$(PWD) ! ! dummy_libs: libz.a libcrypto.a libssl.a ! ! libcrypto.a: ! $(VERBOSE)$(AR) -rc $@ ! libssl.a: ! $(VERBOSE)$(AR) -rc $@ ! libz.a: ! $(VERBOSE)$(AR) -rc $@ Porting devices drivers ####################### Even though Genode encourages writing native device drivers, this task sometimes becomes infeasible. Especially if there is no documentation available for a certain device or if there are not enough programming resources at hand to implement a fully fledged driver. Examples of ported drivers can be found in the 'dde_linux', 'dde_bsd', and 'dde_ipxe' repositories. In this chapter we will exemplary discuss how to port a Linux driver for an ARM based SoC to Genode. The goal is to execute driver code in user land directly on Genode while making the driver believe it is running within the Linux kernel. Traditionally there have been two approaches to reach this goal in Genode. In the past, Genode provided a Linux environment, called 'dde_linux26', with the purpose to offer just enough infrastructure to easily port drivers. However, after adding more drivers it became clear that this repository grew extensively, making it hard to maintain. Also updating the environment to support newer Linux-kernel versions became a huge effort which let the repository to be neglected over time. Therefore we choose the path to write a customized environment for each driver, which provides a specially tailored infrastructure. We found that the support code usually is not larger than a couple of thousand lines of code, while upgrading to newer driver versions, as we did with the USB drivers, is feasible. Basic driver structure ====================== The first step in porting a driver is to identify the driver code that has to be ported. Once the code is located, we usually create a new Genode repository and write a port file to download and extract the code. It is good practice to name the port and the hash file like the new repository, e.g. _dde_linux.port_ if the repository directory is called _/repos/dde_linux_. Having the source code ready, there are three main tasks the environment must implement. The first is the driver back end, which is responsible for raw device access using Genode primitives, the actual environment that emulates Linux function calls the driver code is using, and the front end, which exposes for example some Genode-session interface (like NIC or block session) that client applications can connect to. Further preparations ==================== Having the code ready, the next step is to create an _*.mk_ file that actually compiles the code. For a driver library _lib/mk/.mk_ has to be created and for a stand-alone program _src//target.mk_ is created within the repository. With the _*.mk_ file in place, we can now start the actual compilation. Of course this will cause a whole lot of errors and warnings. Most of the messages will deal with implicit declarations of functions and unknown data types. What we have to do now is to go through each warning and error message and either add the header file containing the desired function or data type to the list of files that will be extracted to the _contrib_ directory or create our own prototype or data definition. When creating our own prototypes, we put them in a file called _lx_emul.h_. To actually get this file included in all driver files we use the following code in the _*.mk_ file: ! CC_C_OPT += -include $(INC_DIR)/lx_emul.h where 'INC_DIR' points to the include path of _lx_emul.h_. The hard part is to decide which of the two ways to go for a specific function or data type, since adding header files also adds more dependencies and often more errors and warnings. As a rule of thumb, try adding as few headers as possible. The compiler will also complain about a lot of missing header files. Since we do not want to create all these header files, we use a trick in our _*.mk_ file that extracts all header file includes from the driver code and creates symbolic links that correspond to the file name and links to _lx_emul.h_. You can put the following code snippet in your _*.mk_ file which does the trick: !# !# Determine the header files included by the contrib code. For each !# of these header files we create a symlink to _lx_emul.h_. !# !GEN_INCLUDES := $(shell grep -rh "^\#include .*\/" $(DRIVER_CONTRIB_DIR) |\ ! sed "s/^\#include [^<\"]*[<\"]\([^>\"]*\)[>\"].*/\1/" | \ ! sort | uniq) ! !# !# Filter out original Linux headers that exist in the contrib directory !# !NO_GEN_INCLUDES := $(shell cd $(DRIVER_CONTRIB_DIR); find -name "*.h" | sed "s/.\///" | \ ! sed "s/.*include\///") !GEN_INCLUDES := $(filter-out $(NO_GEN_INCLUDES),$(GEN_INCLUDES)) ! !# !# Put Linux headers in 'GEN_INC' dir, since some include use "../../" paths use !# three level include hierarchy !# !GEN_INC := $(shell pwd)/include/include/include ! !$(shell mkdir -p $(GEN_INC)) ! !GEN_INCLUDES := $(addprefix $(GEN_INC)/,$(GEN_INCLUDES)) !INC_DIR += $(GEN_INC) ! !# !# Make sure to create the header symlinks prior building !# !$(SRC_C:.c=.o) $(SRC_CC:.cc=.o): $(GEN_INCLUDES) ! !$(GEN_INCLUDES): ! $(VERBOSE)mkdir -p $(dir $@) ! $(VERBOSE)ln -s $(LX_INC_DIR)/lx_emul.h $@ Make sure 'LX_INC_DIR' is the directory containing the _lx_emul.h_ file. Note that 'GEN_INC' is added to your 'INC_DIR' variable. The 'DRIVER_CONTRIB_DIR' variable is defined by calling the _select_from_port_ function at the beginning of a Makefile or a include file, which is used by all other Makefiles: ! DRIVER_CONTRIB_DIR := $(call select_from_ports,driver_repo)/src/lib/driver_repo The process of function definition and type declaration continues until the code compiles. This process can be quite tiresome. When the driver code finally compiles, the next stage is linking. This will of course lead to another whole set of errors that complain about undefined references. To actually obtain a linked binary we create a _dummies.cc_ file. To ease things up we suggest to create a macro called 'DUMMY' and implement functions as in the example below: ! /* ! * Do not include 'lx_emul.h', since the implementation will most likely clash ! * with the prototype ! */ ! !#define DUMMY(retval, name) \ ! DUMMY name(void) { \ ! PDBG( #name " called (from %p) not implemented", __builtin_return_address(0)); \ ! return retval; \ !} ! ! DUMMY(-1, kmalloc) ! DUMMY(-1, memcpy) ! ... Create a 'DUMMY' for each undefined reference until the binary links. We now have a linked binary with a dummy environment. Debugging ========= From here on, we will actually start executing code, but before we do that, let us have a look at the debugging options for device drivers. Since drivers have to be tested on the target platform, there are not as many debugging options available as for higher level applications, like running applications on the Linux version of Genode while using GDB for debugging. Having these restrictions, debugging is almost completely performed over the serial line and on rare occasions with an hardware debugger using JTAG. For basic Linux driver debugging it is useful to implement the 'printk' function (use 'dde_kit_printf' or something similar) first. This way, the driver code can output something and additions for debugging can be made. The '__builtin_return_address' function is also useful in order to determine where a specific function was called from. 'printk' may become a problem with devices that require certain time constrains because serial line output is very slow. This is why we port most drivers by running them on top of the Fiasco.OC version of Genode. There you can take advantage of Fiasco's debugger (JDB) and trace buffer facility. The trace buffer can be used to log data and is much faster than 'printk' over serial line. Please inspect the 'ktrace.h' file (at _base-foc/contrib/l4/pkg/l4sys/include/ARCH-*/ktrace.h_) that describes the complete interface. A very handy function there is !fiasco_tbuf_log_3val("My message", variable1, variable2, variable3); which stores a message and three variables in the trace buffer. The trace buffer can be inspected from within JDB by pressing 'T'. JDB can be accessed at any time by pressing the 'ESC' key. It can be used to inspect the state of all running threads and address spaces on the system. There is no recent JDB documentation available, but :Fiasco kernel debugger manual: [http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/doc/jdb.pdf] should be a good starting point. It is also possible to enter the debugger at any time from your program calling the 'enter_kdebug("My breakpoint")' function from within your code. The complete JDB interface can be found in _base-foc/contrib/l4/pkg/l4sys/include/ARCH-*/kdebug.h_. Note that the backtrace ('bt') command does not work out of the box on ARM platforms. We have a small patch for that in our Fiasco.OC development branch located at GitHub: [http://github.com/ssumpf/foc/tree/dev] The back end ============ To ease up the porting of drivers and interfacing Genode from C code, Genode offers a library called DDE kit. DDE kit provides access to common functions required by drivers like device memory, virtual memory with physical-address lookup, interrupt handling, timers, etc. Please inspect _os/include/dde_kit_ to see the complete interface description. You can also use 'grep -r dde_kit_ *' to see usage of the interface in Genode. As an example for using DDE kit we implement the 'kmalloc' call: !void *kmalloc(size_t size, gfp_t flags) !{ ! return dde_kit_simple_malloc(size); !} It is also possible to directly use Genode primitives from C++ files, the functions only have to be declared as 'extern "C"' so they can be called from C code. The environment =============== Having a dummy environment we may now begin to actually execute driver code. Driver initialization ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Most Linux drivers will have an initialization routine to register itself within the Linux kernel and do other initializations if necessary. In order to be initialized, the driver will register a function using the 'module_init' call. This registered function must be called before the driver is actually used. To be able to call the registered function from Genode, we define the 'module_init' macro in _lx_emul.h_ as follows: ! #define module_init(fn) void module_##fn(void) { fn(); } when a driver now registers a function like ! module_init(ehci_hcd_init); we would have to call ! module_ehci_hcd_init(); during driver startup. Having implemented the above, it is now time to start our ported driver on the target platform and check if the initialization function is successful. Any important dummy functions that are called must be implemented now. A dummy function that does not do device related things, like Linux book keeping, may not be implemented. Sometimes Linux checks the return values of functions we might not want to implement, in this case it is sufficient to simply adjust the return value of the affected function. Device probing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Having the driver initialized, we will give the driver access to the device resources. This is performed in two steps. In the case of ARM SoC's we have to check in which state the boot loader (usually U-Boot) left the device. Sometimes devices are already setup by the boot loader and only a simple device reset is necessary to proceed. If the boot loader did not touch the device, we most likely have to check and setup all the necessary clocks on the platform and may have to perform other low level initializations like PHY setup. If the device is successfully (low level) initialized, we can hand it over to the driver by calling the 'probe' function of the driver. For ARM platforms the 'probe' function takes a 'struct platform_device' as an argument and all important fields, like device resources and interrupt numbers, should be set to the correct values before calling 'probe'. During 'probe' the driver will most likely map and access device memory, request interrupts, and reset the device. All dummy functions that are related to these tasks should be implemented or ported at this point. When 'probe' returns successful, you may either test other driver functions by hand or start building the front-end. The front end ============= An important design question is how the front end is attached to the driver. In some cases the front end may not use the driver directly, but other Linux subsystems that are ported or emulated by the environment. For example, the USB storage driver implements parts of the SCSI subsystem, which in turn is used by the front end. The whole decision depends on the kind of driver that is ported and on how much additional infrastructure is needed to actually make use of the data. Again an USB example: For USB HID, we needed to port the USB controller driver, the hub driver, the USB HID driver, and the generic HID driver in order to retrieve keyboard and mouse events from the HID driver. The last step in porting a device driver is to make it accessible to other Genode applications. Typically this is achieved by implementing one of Genode's session interfaces, like a NIC session for network adapters or a block session for block devices. You may also define your own session interfaces. The implementation of the session interface will most likely trigger driver calls, so you have to have to keep an eye on the dummy functions. Also make sure that calls to the driver actually do what they are supposed to, for example, some wrong return value of a dummy function may cause a function to return without performing any work. Notes on synchronization ======================== After some experiences with Linux drivers and multi-threading, we lately choose to have all Linux driver code executed by a single thread only. This way no Linux synchronization primitives have to be implemented and we simply don't have to worry about subtle pre- and postconditions of many functions (like "this function has to be called with lock 'x' being held"). Unfortunately we cannot get rid of all threads within a device-driver server, there is at least one waiting for interrupts and one for the entry point that waits for client session requests. In order to synchronize these threads, we use Genode's signalling framework. So when, for example, the IRQ thread receives an interrupt it will send a signal. The Linux driver thread will at certain points wait for these signals (e.g., functions like 'schedule_timeout' or 'wait_for_completion') and execute the right code depending on the kind of signal delivered or firmly speaking the signal context. For this to work, we use a class called 'Signal_dispatcher' (_base/include/base/signal.h_) which inherits from 'Signal_context'. More than one dispatcher can be bound to a signal receiver, while each dispatcher might do different work, like calling the Linux interrupt handler in the IRQ example.