

              ===============================================
              Release notes for the Genode OS Framework 22.08
              ===============================================

                               Genode Labs



The overarching topic of version 22.08 is the emerging phone version of the
Genode-based Sculpt OS, targeting the PinePhone. The immense breadth and depth
of this line of work presented in Section [Genode coming to the phone]
touches topics as diverse as telephony, mobile-data connectivity, a custom
user interface, a mobile web browser, the GPU, SD-card access, USB, and audio
control.

With the growing sophistication of Genode-based systems, performance
optimizations come more and more into focus. Aided by the new tools introduced
in Section [Enhanced tooling for system tracing], we were able to profoundly
improve the network performance of Genode's user-level network routing
component. Speaking of optimizations, the current release reduces the CPU
overhead of our Linux device-driver environment
(Section [Linux-device-driver environment (DDE Linux)]) and
improves the responsiveness of GUIs based on Genode's menu-view component
(Section [Menu-view performance]).

Further topics of the new version reach from our forthcoming platform-driver
consolidation across PC and ARM-based devices, over the use of USB smart
cards, to new VirtIO drivers on RISC-V.


Genode coming to the phone
##########################

Our [https://genode.org/about/road-map - road map] for this year states the
goal of reaching a useful base line of functionality of Genode on the
PinePhone. This entails the principle ability to use the device as a phone -
receiving and issuing voice calls - and a mobile internet browser. Once
reached, this base line of functionality will allow us to routinely use Genode
on the device ("eating our own dog food"), experience pain points, guide
optimization efforts towards user-visible areas that matter, and faithfully
evaluate non-functional aspects like battery lifetime with real-world work
loads under realistic conditions.

For the Genode-based phone, we pursue the combination of a minimally-complex
trustworthy base system with a generally untrusted Web browser as application
runtime. The feature set of the base system corresponds to the bare-bones
[https://genode.org/download/sculpt - Sculpt OS] extended with appliance-like
feature-phone functionality. Thanks to Sculpt's rigid component-based
structure and the overall low complexity, it promises high reliability and
security. The application runtime is hosted on top of the base system without
tainting the assurance of the base system. In contrast to the appliance-like
and rather static feature set of the base system, the application runtime
anticipates a great variety of modern-day application scenarios, universally
expected commodity user-interface paradigms, and fast-paced software updates.
E.g., we aspire the use of WebRTC-based video conferencing via Jitsi as one
reference scenario.

Since we succeeded in bringing the Chromium web engine - the base technology
of most modern web browsers - to life as a
[https://genodians.org/nfeske/2022-01-27-browser-odyssey - native Genode component],
users of Sculpt OS are able to use a fully featured web browser without
relying on virtualization. With the use case of the browser on a mobile phone
in sight, we already ensured that the browser would work on 64-bit ARM
hardware. However, whereas we could showcase the technical feasibility of
Chromium on Genode, the practical usability eventually depends on a suitable
mobile user experience, which was largely disregarded by the desktop-oriented
Falkon browser that we enabled on Genode.


Assessment
----------

Fortunately, we discovered the Morph web browser while experimenting with
[https://xnux.eu/p-boot-demo/ - various Linux distributions] on the PinePhone.
Among the various alternatives to Android, the Ubuntu Touch UI - alongside
Sailfish OS - stood out for its refined user experience, subjectively.
The unobtrusive Morph browser as used by default on Ubuntu Touch left a
particularly good impression on us. To our delight, we found that this
browser relies on Qt5 and the Chromium web engine as its foundation, both of
which we already had enabled on Genode. Out of this observation grew the idea
of reusing the Morph browser as application runtime on our Genode-based phone.
But we had to consider several risks.

First, would the heaviness of Chromium overwhelm the rather resource-constrained
PinePhone hardware when executed on Genode? In contrast to Linux, Genode's
POSIX environment is less sophisticated and - most importantly - does not
provide the over-provisioning of memory resources. The latter could be a show
stopper.

Second, the build mechanics of the browser deviate from the beaten track we
covered so far, specifically the use of QMake. The Morph browser
unconditionally depends on CMake as build tool. Even though we gathered
[https://genodians.org/nfeske/2019-11-25-goa - early experiences], with using
CMake for building Genode executables, we did not attempt using CMake for
complex Qt5 applications targeting Genode so far.

Finally, we discovered a so-called Ubuntu-Touch-UI toolkit as an
additional dependency over Qt5. It presumably extends Qt5's QML with
custom user-interface widgets for mobile user interfaces. In contrast
to the multi-platform Qt5 framework, Ubuntu Touch generally targets
Linux only, which raised a number of concerns with respect to hidden
assumptions on the underlying platform. For example, the expectation
of a certain service manager, the direct use of the Linux kernel interface,
or accidentally complex library dependencies.


Methodology
===========

As practiced during our work with bringing the Chromium-based Falkon web
browser to Genode, we took several intermediate steps to mitigate technical
risks as far as possible.

Pruning dependencies
--------------------

The first step was building the Morph browser from source for its regular
designated target platform, namely Linux. This step allowed us to validate the
functionality of the browser built from source as opposed to merely testing a
binary package. During this process, we learned about the mandatory dependence
on CMake as build tool. We also identified the following library dependencies
as sources of uncertainty.

*Ubuntu-UI toolkit* is a collection of QML widgets for smartphone apps.
It is built via QMake and comes with its own set of dependencies.
We were specifically concerned by QtSystemInfo, QtOrganizer, D-Bus, and
gettext. Genode has no meaningful equivalent to any of these dependencies.
The *Ubuntu Themes* dependency comprises graphical assets, used on Ubuntu
Touch. *Ubuntu-UI extras* extends Qt's feature set by functionality like the
'TabsBar' QML-Widget introduces additional transitive dependencies
such as the [https://www.cups.org/ - CUPS printing system] or
the [https://exiv2.org/ - Exiv2] image metadata library.

Further dependencies worth noting are QNetworkInterface, QtConcurrent, QtDBus,
QtSystemInfo, unity-action-api, and D-Bus. Those libraries do not exist in
Genode and may even raise conceptual problems. For example, the D-Bus
inter-component mechanism on Linux is not in line with Genode's
capability-based inter-component communication.

With the first manually built executable of Morph created on Linux, we could
repeatedly remove dependencies piece by piece and validate the functioning of
the browser after each step. We ultimately reached a point where most of the
library dependencies could be cut off while the core functionality of the
browser - the ability to view web pages - stayed intact. The resulting
minimized version of the Morph browser thereby served as starting point for
the subsequent porting work to Genode.

Re-targeting to Genode
----------------------

To stay as close as possible to the original browser, we decided to reuse the
browser's build system by tweaking the CMake build tool such that the project
could be cross compiled for Genode, similar to the approach we successfully
employed for QMake in the past. At first, we targeted Genode/Linux on x86,
which is still close to the browser's natural environment. Once the first
version of the browser came to life, we immediately cross-validated the result
on the 64-bit ARM architecture as this is our primary target. Subsequently, we
moved away from Linux by moving the browser over to NOVA (on Sculpt) on PC
hardware as well as our custom base-hw microkernel in order to target the
actual PinePhone.

[image touch_ui]
  Ubuntu-Touch UI gallery demo running on Genode

The methodology mirrored in large parts the approach we took for the original
porting of the Chromium web engine, but it was a much smoother experience
given that all road blocks we encountered during our Chromium work are solved
problems by now. Image [touch_ui] shows the browser's underlying
user-interface tool kit in action, running directly on Genode. Image [morph]
shows the Morph browser hosted in Genode's window system.

[image morph]
  Morph browser running on Genode


Unexpected caveats
==================

However, the smooth ride of re-targeting the browser to Genode ended once
we discovered the extremely poor interactive performance of the browser
running on Genode. This is in contrast to our prior experience with the
Chromium-based Falkon browser which achieved comparable performance to Linux.

The performance degradation originated from the Ubuntu-UI toolkit, which
has a hard dependency on OpenGL despite being built atop the Qt5 framework.
In several instances, the Ubuntu-UI toolkit accesses the OpenGL context
directly, which is handled by a software fallback implementation in the
Mesa library. We found the removal of those offending accesses infeasible
because this change would cause several widgets appearing incomplete.
To attain the visual completeness of the user interface, we also had to
enhance the Genode-specific back end of Qt (QPA). However, even though
we achieved correctly looking results, the performance of Mesa3D without
GPU acceleration made the user interface practically unusable, even on
powerful PC hardware, not speaking of the resource-constrained PinePhone.
We came to the conclusion that the Morph browser's hard dependency
on hardware-accelerated graphics cannot be worked around. This realization,
in turn, spawned the line of work reported in
Section [Hardware-accelerated graphics].

As another - but arguably much less dramatic - caveat, we found the touch user
interface behaving strangely in some situations when running on Genode. The
reason turned out to be a disparity of Genode's notion of touch-release events
from the expectations of Qt. Whereas Genode's input-event interface does not
report a positional value of a touch-release event, Qt expects a positional
value that corresponds to the original touch event. Fortunately, once this
disparity had been identified, we could easily emulate the expected behavior
locally in Genode's QPA plugin.


Hardware-accelerated graphics
=============================

As mentioned above, we were taken by surprise by the hard dependency of the
Morph browser on GPU-accelerated graphics. Even though we have explored the
principle use of a GPU on an ARM-based platform before, our prior line of work
was targeting the Vivante GPU of the NXP i.MX8 SoC, which is different from
the Mali-400 GPU as present in the PinePhone's A64 SoC. Originally, we did not
plan to deal with the PinePhone's GPU at the current stage. But the
requirement of the Morph browser abruptly changed our priorities.

As a rapid experiment, we took the challenge to port the Lima driver for the
Mali-400 GPU from Linux to Genode and combine it with the matching user-level
driver code of the Mesa library. Even though this experiment was pursued on
short notice and risky, it was at least a tangible straw. To our delight,
however, the first functional rapid prototype came to life after merely two
weeks of work, which is almost an order of magnitude faster than our past
efforts. The reason of this success is many-fold. First, our recently
established methodology and tooling for porting Linux device drivers - as
described in our comprehensive
[https://genode.org/documentation/genode-platforms-22-05.pdf - Porting Guide] -
streamlines the formerly labor-intensive grunt work. Second, we greatly
benefited from our practical experience with GPUs accumulated over the past
few years. And third, even though the Mali-400 is different from the Vivante
GPU, the integration into the Linux GPU stack follows very similar patterns,
unlike Intel GPUs. So we found our existing knowledge largely applicable.

[image glmark2]
  GLMark2 reference application using the GPU

Following the initial rapid prototype, we successively refined this work to
the point where the GPU driver became usable for the Morph browser on the
PinePhone. Thanks to the added driver, the interactive performance got boosted
to an acceptable level.


Mobile data connectivity
========================

It goes without saying that a web browser requires network connectivity,
which is a topic we had left unaddressed on the PinePhone until now.
However, given our
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/22.05#Telephony - recent line]
of modem-related work in the context of telephony, we foresaw a low-complexity
solution to attain mobile data connectivity.

Today's LTE modems offer
[https://genodians.org/ssumpf/2020-12-04-mbim - QMI or MBIM] protocol support
in order to configure and handle mobile data connections. Both protocols are
in binary format and require a separate USB device (called Wireless Mobile
Communication Device). For Genode, this would mean to add support for this
device to USB while additionally the QMI or MBIM library would have to be
ported and adjusted to Genode. For the
[https://www.quectel.com/product/lte-eg25-g - Quectel EG25 modem]
in the PinePhone, we found a much simpler solution to handle mobile data
connections. The modem can be configured to emulate a USB Ethernet device
([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_USB - ECM device]).
In this operational mode, the modem will automatically connect to the carrier
and register itself as USB Ethernet device at the PinePhone's USB host
controller. Genode can thereby access the device through the USB networking
and CDC Ethernet drivers. The modem also offers a DHCP server and will hand
out a local IP address upon a DHCP request to Genode. Internally the modem
will use [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation - NAT] in
order to translate IP requests from Genode to the address received from the
carrier.

As a prerequisite to conduct this solution, we had to enable a USB
host-controller driver for the PinePhone. Of course, we took advantage of our
modern DDE Linux porting approach for this work, which allowed to attain a
functional USB driver in merely two weeks. This driver must be combined with
our existing USB Ethernet driver (usb_net) that we swiftly extended to support
ECM based devices.

With this driver infrastructure in place, the USB network device of the modem
appears as uplink to Genode's NIC router. The NIC router, in turn,
successfully obtains a local IP address that is network-translated by the
modem. At the carrier side, IP network connectivity can be established by
issuing AT-protocol commands over UART. So the first prototype of the
low-level network connectivity worked as anticipated. With this practical way
of keeping the complexity of binary configuration protocols out of the loop,
we can maintain the low-complexity implementation of telephony and SIM
configuration via the UART control channel while regarding IP connectivity -
and the unavoidable complexity of USB - as an entirely complementary feature.


Phone flavor of Sculpt OS
=========================

Seeing the various puzzle pieces of the Morph browser scenario - GPU
acceleration, data connectivity, the browser itself - coming together, it was
time for the integration of those pieces into an overall system. The natural
basis of such a Genode-based system is
[https://genode.org/download/sculpt - Sculpt OS],
which complements Genode with universally expected operating-system features
such as interactive system configuration as well as the installation and
deployment of software packages.

Sculpt OS was originally designed for PC-based use cases. Its administrative
user interface is largely mouse and keyboard driven, and network connectivity
is usually attained by a wired or wireless LAN connection. Although we
presented a first version of
[https://fosdem.org/2022/schedule/event/nfeske/ - Sculpt OS on the PinePhone]
earlier this year, the call for a touch-oriented user interface is more than
obvious. Hence, we went forward with creating a phone-specific variant
of Sculpt. Similar to the original Sculpt OS, the system consists of two
largely isolated domains, the administrative domain called Leitzentrale and
the domain of user-installed components called desktop. The user can switch
between both domains at any time using a secure attention key or gesture.
On the phone, the Leitzentrale domain plays the role of a feature-phone
appliance that provides the most fundamental device functionality such
as the interaction with the SIM card, power control, telephony, network
configuration, storage management, and software installation. We approached
the concept of the user interface from a clean slate striving for simplicity.

[image sim_pin]
  Emerging mobile-phone flavor of Sculpt OS

As the first use case, we addressed telephony, displaying incoming calls,
presenting the options for accepting/rejecting calls, and initiating calls
using a dial pad. By modelling these scenarios, we could validate the
user-interface concept of the evolving phone version of Sculpt's Leitzentrale.


User interaction with the SIM card
==================================

The administrative user interface mentioned above must be matched by the
underlying middleware that talks to the modem. Remember that our
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/22.05#Telephony - original]
telephony scenario relied on the manual use of the modem's AT commands.
We ultimately have to control the modem's control channel by software using an
AT protocol stack. To bridge this gap with the lowest complexity possible, we
created a simple AT protocol implementation that is specifically designed for
Genode's state-driven component model.
The modem driver - hosting the AT protocol driver - accepts a configuration
that expresses the desired state (as opposed to desired actions). For example,
a configuration may look as simple as follows.

! <config speaker="yes" pin="1234">
!   <call number="+49123123123"/>
! </config>

The AT protocol implementation takes this configuration and the current modem
state as the basis for determining a sequence of modem commands needed to
attain the desired state. For example, if the modem is not powered, the driver
steps through the powering sequence. Or in case the SIM PIN is required, the
driver supplies the corresponding command to supply the configured PIN.

To allow interactive usage, the driver supports dynamic reconfiguration.
E.g., to cancel the outbound call of the example above, the configuration
would be updated with the '<call>' node removed. Given this approach, an
interactive user interface comes down to generating such simple
configurations.

Vice versa, the driver exports the modem's state as a state report, which is
updated whenever the modem state changes. E.g., an incoming call is reflected
to the consumer of this state report with all information relevant for an
interactive user interface. For example, the state report entails the power
state, PIN state, and call states (incoming, outbound, alerting, rejected).
This design nicely hides the peculiarities of the AT protocol from Genode's
component interfaces.

At the current stage, with less than 1000 lines of code, the AT protocol
implementation suffices for basic telephony needs, supporting the interaction
with the SIM card, managing call states, initiating calls, and driving the
modem power up and down. It also takes care of establishing the modem
configuration needed for USB ECM networking.


Current state
=============

The current version of the phone variant of Sculpt OS is able to control the
power state of the modem, interact with the SIM card (PIN entry), initiate
phone calls via a dial pad, pick up inbound calls, establish mobile-data
network connectivity, and deploy a preconfigured application scenario.
The interactive switching between the base system and the application runtime
can be triggered at any time by touching the left border of the touch screen.

[image sculpt_pinephone]
  The runtime graph of the base system (left) reveals the relationships of the
  Morph browser with other components (right).

This flavor of Sculpt OS evolves in the
[https://github.com/nfeske/genode-allwinner - genode-allwinner] repository,
specifically within the _sculpt/_ and _src/app/phone_manager/_ directories.
The latter asserts the role of Sculpt's _gems/src/app/sculpt_manager_.
We invite seasoned developers - especially those who are following the
[https://genodians.org/nfeske/index - Pine-fun article series] - to experiment
with the new phone variant. It can be built via the following command:

! built/arm_v8a$ make run/sculpt KERNEL=hw BOARD=pinephone SCULPT=phone

For a broader audience, we plan to provide a ready-to-use SD-card image for
the PinePhone in tandem with the next release of Sculpt OS.


Enhanced tooling for system tracing
###################################

Since release 13.08, Genode features a
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/13.08#Light-weight_event_tracing - light-weight event-tracing facility]
that comes in form of core's TRACE service. Up to now, it has merely been used
for capturing textual trace messages. The two prominent monitor components are
the
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/18.02#New_trace-logging_component - trace_logger]
and the
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/19.08#Tracing - VFS plugin]

The trace recorder is a new monitor component that is designed for binary trace
formats. Currently, it supports the Common Trace Format (CTF) and pcapng.
CTF is a compact and scalable format for storing event traces. It is supported
by [https://www.eclipse.org/tracecompass/ - TraceCompass], an Eclipse-based
tool for trace analysis and visualization. Pcapng is a packet-capture format
used by Wireshark.

In order to support capturing network packets, we added a 'trace_eth_packet()'
method to Genode's trace-policy API and equipped the NIC router with a
'trace_packets' option to control packet capturing on domain level. For manual
instrumentation of components, we also added a 'checkpoint()' method to the
trace-policy API.

For more details, please refer to the following Genodians article.

:Identifying network-throughput bottlenecks with trace recording:

  [https://genodians.org/jschlatow/2022-08-29-trace-recorder]


Base framework and OS-level infrastructure
##########################################

Networking optimizations
========================

With the new trace recorder at hand, we took an effort in optimizing Genode's
network throughput. First, we implemented a benchmark component called
"nic_perf" that sends and/or receives an infinite stream of UDP packets in
order to stimulate the involved networking components in separation. As a
consequence of its central role, we particularly focused on the NIC router as
a starting point.

As a base line, we took two 'nic_perf' components: one as a sender and the other
as a receiver. By taking any copying or packet inspection out of the loop, we
could verify that the packet-stream interface holds up to our expectations with
respect to attainable throughput. However, as soon as we put a NIC router in
between, the throughput dropped to approx. 10% of our base line. On older
ThinkPads, this meant sub-gigabit throughput and on a Cortex-A9 @ 666MHz we
barely jumped over the 100Mbit mark.

Since we were not able to explain the substantial decrease in packet throughput,
we investigated with the help of the trace recorder and 'GENODE_LOG_TSC'.
As it turned out, the NIC router spent most of its time with exception handling
during routing-rule lookup, which is done for every packet. Since there are
multiple types of rules, a lookup takes place for every rule type. If no rule
was found for particular type, an exception was thrown and caught, which
turned out to be incredibly expensive. We therefore eliminated exceptions from
common-case code paths, more precisely from rule lookup, from ARP-cache
lookup, and from packet allocation. The result impressed us with a tripled
throughput.

Another bottleneck that we identified were frequent 'trigger_once' and
'elapsed_ms' RPCs. Given that the NIC router only maintains very
coarse-grained timeouts, such frequent RPCs to the timer seemed finical.
Sparing the details, we were able to significantly reduce the number of
these RPCs by relaxing the precision of the NIC router's time keeping.

Along the way, we identified a few more, minor, tweaks:

* We increased the default value of 'max_packets_per_signal' from 32 to 150.
  This value determines the maximum number of packets that are consumed from an
  interface at once.
* We eliminated eager packet-stream signalling from the NIC router to improve
  batch processing of packets. With this change, packet-stream signals are only
  emitted once the NIC router processed all available or
  'max_packets_per_signal' packets.
* We implemented incremental checksum update for UDP/TCP according to RFC1071.
* We discovered and fixed a few corner cases in the packet-stream interface
  with respect to the signalling.
* We fixed allocation errors in the 'ipxe_nic_drv' that popped up during high
  TX load.

In the end, we attained a ~5x speed up (exact values depending on the hardware)
for the NIC router.


Event-filter improvements for touch devices
===========================================

The phone variant of Sculpt OS calls for a way to trigger certain low-level
buttons or keys using the touch screen. In particular, the switch between the
administrative user interface and the runtime system must be possible at any
time. On the [https://genode.org/download/sculpt - PC version], this switch
is triggered by pressing F12, which is remapped to KEY_DASHBOARD. Even though
a physical button could be used on the phone in principle, there are three
arguments in favor of a virtual key. First, there are only three physical
buttons available (volume +/- and power) on the PinePhone. Remapping one of
those buttons to KEY_DASHBOARD deprives the button of its original purpose.
Second, the force needed for pressing a physical button may impede the
ergonomics of the device depending on how often the switch is needed. And
third, the physical buttons require a driver. When enabling a new device, this
barrier can be nicely sidestepped by a virtual key.

Given this rationale, we extended Genode's event-filter component with a new
'<touch-key>' filter type. Once added to the filter chain, it triggers an
artificial key tap (a press event followed by a release event) whenever the
user touches a preconfigured area on the touch screen. The filter node can
host any number of '<tap>' sub nodes. Each sub node must define a rectangular
area - using the attributes 'xpos', 'ypos', 'width', and 'height' - and the
name of the tapped key as 'key' attribute.

! <touch-key>
!     <tap xpos="0" ypos="400" width="25" height="600" key="KEY_DASHBOARD"/>
!     ...
! </touch-key>

The example above repurposes the 25 left-most pixels of the touch screen as
dashboard key. When touched, a pair of press and release events is fired at
once.


Menu-view performance
=====================

The administrative user interface of Sculpt OS is based on Genode's custom
menu-view component, which renders and updates graphical dialogs based on
high-level XML descriptions. Up to now, the component operated on Genode's
GUI-session interface with alpha-channel support. However, the alpha channel
noticeably impedes the software-rendering performance on lower-end devices
like the PinePhone. In the latter case, we'd prefer to trade the nice-looking
alpha blending for a better UI responsiveness.

We have now enhanced the menu-view component with two new optional
configuration attributes 'opaque' and 'background'. Setting 'opaque' to "yes"
suppresses the use of the alpha channel at the GUI session. This improves the
drawing performance by 20% on the PinePhone. The 'background' attribute can be
specified to define the reset color of the GUI buffer. It alleviates the need
to create a frame widget for the top level, significantly reducing the costs
for drawing the background pixels.

Finally, we found that the use of GCC's optimization level -O3 instead of the
default level -O2 increases the drawing performance on the PinePhone by 30%.
Combined, those optimizations result in an acceptable user experience of
Sculpt's administrative user interface on the PinePhone.


Device drivers
##############

USB networking via Ethernet control model (ECM)
===============================================

To implement mobile data connectivity on the PinePhone
(Section [Mobile data connectivity]), we added USB host-controller support
(EHCI) for the Allwinner A64 SoC to Genode by porting the corresponding
host-controller driver from Linux using our DDE approach. Since our existing
USB-over-Ethernet
[https://github.com/genodelabs/genode/tree/master/repos/dde_linux/src/drivers/usb_net - driver]
on Genode lacked support for the Ethernet Control Model, which is provided by
the modem, we added support for ECM as well.


GPU and Mesa driver for Mali-400
================================

As mentioned in Section [Genode coming to the phone], we enabled the principle
ability to use the Mali-400 GPU of the PinePhone under Genode. This support
entails two parts. The first part is the low-level driver code called Lima
that normally resides in the Linux kernel. This component provides a GPU
session interface. We transplanted the driver code to a dedicated Genode
component, which is hosted at the
[https://github.com/genodelabs/genode-allwinner - genode-allwinner] repository.
The second part is the user-level Mesa3D driver stack - hosted at the libports
repository - that is linked local to the application and uses the GPU session
to access the GPU.

The combination of both parts was successfully tested on the PinePhone and
the Pine-A64-LTS V1.2 board. Given that the primary motivation for this
line of work was our ambition to run the Morph web browser, we disregarded the
multiplexing of the GPU for now. The GPU driver currently supports only one
client at a time.


SD-card driver for the PinePhone
================================

In anticipation of running Sculpt OS on the PinePhone, we ported the Linux
SD/MMC-card driver to Genode. The driver - hosted at the
[https://github.com/genodelabs/genode-allwinner - genode-allwinner] repository -
was successfully tested with the PinePhone and Pine-A64LTS V1.2 board. For the
moment, only SD cards (no eMMC) are supported.
The provided _a64_sd_card_drv.run_ script illustrates the integration and use
of the driver.


Linux-device-driver environment (DDE Linux)
===========================================

Tickless idle operation
-----------------------

The DDE-Linux emulation library and thereby all ported drivers now support
the NO_HZ_IDLE Linux kernel configuration option, which disables periodic
timer ticks when ported drivers are idle. With this option, energy and up to
3% CPU time per driver can be preserved, which becomes significant especially
if multiple ported drivers are in use in sophisticated scenarios like Sculpt
OS.

Consistent use of SMP configuration
-----------------------------------

All kernel threads in the Linux device driver ports are currently mapped to one
and the same native Genode thread, using cooperative scheduling within the
emulation environment. Intuitively, it does not make much sense to address
multi-processing support provided by the original Linux kernel code.
Nonetheless, the drivers that we ported are normally used in the context of
SMP-aware Linux kernel configurations only. To not leave the well tested and
beaten track, we decided to switch on SMP support in all kernel configurations
we use as porting base.

This especially applies to the Linux drivers within the _repos/pc_
sub-directory, and the WireGuard port. Other driver ports already used SMP
support in their configuration.

As a side effect, we removed the insufficient emulation of so called "softirqs"
formerly used by the non-SMP driver ports, and replaced them with the original
implementation.


Forthcoming platform-driver modernization
=========================================

During the past year, we switched from board-specific platform driver APIs
step-by-step to one generic interface. But PC-related drivers still depend on
the legacy x86-specific platform driver and API, especially to the PCI-related
part of it.

To finalize the unification and modernization of the platform driver and its
API, there were still some pieces missing, which we added with the current
release.

While trying to switch PC-related Linux device driver ports to the new API, we
recognized that some drivers depend on additional information of the PCI
configuration space that were not exported so far. Namely, the fields for
sub-vendor, sub-product, and revision IDs were needed. Moreover, some ported
drivers use hard-coded indices of PCI base-address registers (BAR) to refer to
I/O resources of the device.

Therefore, we extended the pci_decode tool to export this additional
information, and to annotate I/O port ranges and memory attributes with the
corresponding BAR index. The generic platform driver parses this additional
information from a given devices ROM, and exports it to the corresponding
clients accordingly. The correlation between I/O resources and BAR indices is
only unveiled to clients where the platform driver's policy states that
physical information has to be provided, like in this example:

! <config>
!   <policy label="usb_drv -> " info="yes">
!     <pci class="USB"/>
!   </policy>
!   ...
! </config>

UHCI-specific platform extensions
---------------------------------

Some device-specific registers are only present within the PCI configuration
space. For instance UHCI controllers in the PC architecture provide a special
legacy support register only accessible via the PCI configuration space. This
register is used to hand over the USB hardware from the BIOS to the operating
system.

We did not want to pollute the platform API with a lot of device specific
tweaks nor provide unlimited access to the PCI configuration space to a
driver. Therefore, we implement the hand-over of the UHCI PCI device in the
platform driver if available. Moreover, we handle the Intel-specific resume
register whenever a session to the corresponding UHCI controller is opened.

Intel GPU information from Host Bridge
--------------------------------------

Some information needed by Intel GPU and framebuffer drivers is derived from
the Intel Graphics and Controller HUB (GMCH) respectively its control
register. It is used to calculate the GPU's Global Translation Table (GTT),
and the stolen memory sizes. Again we do not want to give access to the whole
configuration space of this sensitive device to either the GPU or the
framebuffer driver. Instead, the platform driver now detects Intel PCI graphic
cards, and exports the information found within the GMCH control register to
the corresponding client as part of the platform session's devices ROM.

Transition of PC drivers
------------------------

Although there is everything in place now to switch the remaining PC-drivers
to the generic platform driver and its API, we decided to do this step after
the current release. This way, we have time to stress-test the drivers during
our daily use of Genode, the remaining transitional work is planned for the
upcoming Sculpt OS release instead.


Libraries and applications
##########################

Qt5 and Morph browser
=====================

As mentioned in Section [Genode coming to the phone], we had to improve
Genode's Qt support to get the Morph browser to work. This work includes
added support for building Qt projects with CMake, the addition of missing Qt
modules like QtGraphicalEffects, and improving the OpenGL support of the QPA
plugin. The latter was needed for the Ubuntu UI Toolkit to display its widgets
correctly. Note that this change implies that QtQuick applications now use
OpenGL by default instead of the QtQuick software rendering fallback back end.
This can improve the experience when an accelerated GPU driver is available
but can also slow down a QtQuick application if only the Mesa software driver
('softpipe') is available on the target platform. In that case, it is possible
to enforce the use of the software QtQuick renderer by setting the following
environment variable in the configuration of the application:

! <env key="QT_QUICK_BACKEND" value="software"/>

When we tried to use the free public Jitsi server at [https://meet.jit.si] with
our ported web browsers, we noticed that our QtWebEngine Chromium version was
too old and caused issues like a non-working join button and failed WebRTC
connections. For this reason, we updated our Qt port to the latest version with
QtWebEngine support on FreeBSD, which at this time is version 5.15.2.

To use this new version, it is necessary to update the Qt5 host tools with the
'tool/tool_chain_qt5' script.

We also updated the Falkon web browser to the latest version 3.2.0.

Up-to-date Sculpt packages of both the Falkon and Morph browsers for x86_64 are
available in the 'cproc' depot.


USB smart cards via PKCS#11
===========================

With this release, Genode gains support for accessing USB smart-card devices
via PKCS#11. This is achieved through a port of the OpenSC PKCS#11 tool that is
now available as package for the Sculpt OS. A quick look into the features and
integration of the tool is possible using the new _pkcs11_tool_ run script
hosted in the [https://github.com/genodelabs/genode-world - genode-world]
repository. For a more detailed guide to the tool, you may read the
corresponding Genodians article.

:USB smart cards via PKCS#11:

  [https://genodians.org/m-stein/2022-08-18-pkcs11-tool-1]


Sculpt OS improvements
======================

In addition to the major developments described in
Section [Genode coming to the phone], Sculpt OS has received several minor
refinements.

When integrating a
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/22.02#Framework_for_special-purpose_Sculpt-based_operating_systems - Sculpt-based appliance]
with a predefined deploy configuration, the _sculpt.run_ script automatically
adds the required software packages as tar archive to the boot image. However,
for complex scenarios, it is sometimes desirable to keep the boot image small
and fetch the packages at runtime over the network. To support such use cases,
we added the new run-script argument 'DEPOT' with the possible values 'tar'
(default) and 'omit'. If the latter is specified, the deployed software
packages are excluded from the boot image and the run script merely prints the
versions of the required packages. This information can conveniently be used
as input for publishing the packages.

We added two new packages 'part_block' and 'ext2_fs' that simplify the access
of multiple block devices and partitions in manually curated deploy
configurations. The part_block package can be used in Sculpt's
_/config/deploy_ as follows.

! <start name="nvme-0.part_block" pkg="part_block">
!   <route>
!     <service name="Block">
!       <parent label="nvme-0"/>
!     </service>
!     <service name="Report" label="partitions">
!       <parent/>
!     </service>
!   </route>
! </start>

It can be combined with the 'ext2_fs' package to access the files stored on a
particular partition.

! <start name="nvme-0.4.fs" pkg="ext2_fs">
!   <route>
!     <service name="Block">
!       <child name="nvme-0.part_block" label="4"/>
!     </service>
!     <service name="RM">
!       <parent/>
!     </service>
!   </route>
! </start>


Platforms
#########

Qemu virtual platform
=====================

Because more and more architectures on Genode now support VirtIO drivers on
Qemu (ARMv7, ARMv8, and RISC-V), the generic board name "virt_qemu" did not
suffice for keeping a clean distinction between the separate architecture
requirements. Therefore, we decided to make the board name architecture
specific. The following board names are now supported on base-hw:
"virt_qemu_arm_v7a", "virt_qemu_arm_v8a", and "virt_qemu_riscv".
The "virt_qemu" board name was removed.


RISC-V
======

As suggested above Genode's RISC-V support got extended by VirtIO drivers.
This includes a block driver, a networking driver, keyboard and mouse handling
as well as basic framebuffer support. This way, it has become possible to test
interactive and networking scenarios on Genode's RISC-V version using Qemu.

This work was contributed by Piotr Tworek. Thanks a lot!


Allwinner A64
=============

In the
[https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/22.05#Custom_system-control_processor__SCP__firmware - previous release],
we introduced our custom firmware for the PinePhone's system-control processor
(SCP). We have now generalized the firmware to cover also the Pine-A64-LTS
board. By establishing our custom SCP firmware as a base line for all A64-based
boards, we can make our A64 platform driver depend on the SCP for accessing the
PMIC (power management chip) instead of driving the RSB and PMIC by itself.


Build system and tools
######################

In this release, we improve support for booting Genode/Sculpt on UEFI
platforms in several aspects. First, the Bender tool gains a more robust
UEFI-boot detection mechanism while retrieving serial-device parameters. Also,
the GRUB boot loader was updated to version 2.06 and now keeps lower RAM
untouched from internal memory allocations, which prevents nasty surprises on
booting some UEFI devices. And last, our [https://ipxe.org/ - iPXE-based] boot
option received support for UEFI images when using the following run-tool
configuration.

! RUN_OPT += --include image/uefi
! RUN_OPT += --include load/ipxe

