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<title>What’s included? — R3 Prototyping latest documentation</title>
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<a href="index.html" class="icon icon-home"> R3 Prototyping
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<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Overview</span></p>
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<ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="">What’s included?</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#contracts">Contracts</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#kotlin">Kotlin</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-set-up.html">Getting set up</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="data-model.html">Data model</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="messaging.html">Networking and messaging</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="running-the-trading-demo.html">Running the trading demo</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="node-administration.html">Node administration</a></li>
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<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Tutorials</span></p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">Writing a contract</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="protocol-state-machines.html">Protocol state machines</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="oracles.html">Writing oracle services</a></li>
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<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Appendix</span></p>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="visualiser.html">Using the visualiser</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="codestyle.html">Code style guide</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="what-s-included">
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<h1>What’s included?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-included" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>The current prototype consists of a small amount of code that defines:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li>Key data structures.</li>
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<li>Algorithms that work with them, such as serialising, hashing, signing, and verification of the signatures.</li>
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<li>Two smart contracts that implement a notion of a cash claim and basic commercial paper (implemented twice, in two
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different programming languages). These are simplified versions of the real things.</li>
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<li>Unit tests that check the algorithms do what is expected, and which verify the behaviour of the smart contracts.</li>
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<li>API documentation and tutorials (what you’re reading)</li>
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<li>A simple standalone node that uses an embedded message queue broker as its P2P messaging layer.</li>
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<li>A trading demo that runs the node in either a listening/buying mode, or a connecting/selling mode, and swaps some
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fake commercial paper assets for some self-issued IOU cash, using a generic <em>protocol framework</em>.</li>
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<li>It also includes two oracles: one for precise timestamping and another for interest rate swaps.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Some things it does not currently include but should gain later are:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li>Sandboxing, distribution or publication of smart contract code</li>
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<li>A peer to peer network</li>
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<li>Database persistence</li>
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<li>An API for integrating external software</li>
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<li>A user interface for administration</li>
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<li>Many other things</li>
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</ul>
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<p>You can browse <a class="reference external" href="https://r3-cev.atlassian.net/">the JIRA bug tracker</a>.</p>
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<p>The prototype’s goal is rapid exploration of ideas. Therefore in places it takes shortcuts that a production system
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would not in order to boost productivity:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li>It uses an object graph serialization framework instead of a well specified, vendor neutral protocol.</li>
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<li>It uses secp256r1, an obsolete elliptic curve.</li>
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<li>It uses the default, out of the box Apache Artemis MQ protocol instead of AMQP/1.0 (although switching should be easy)</li>
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</ul>
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<div class="section" id="contracts">
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<h2>Contracts<a class="headerlink" href="#contracts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The primary goal of this prototype is to implement various kinds of contracts and verify that useful business logic
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can be expressed with the data model, developing and refining an API along the way. To that end there are currently
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two contracts in the repository:</p>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<li>Cash</li>
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<li>Commercial paper</li>
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</ol>
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cash</span></code> implements the idea of a claim on some quantity of deposits at some institutional party, denominated in some currency,
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identified by some <em>deposit reference</em>. A deposit reference is an opaque byte array which is usable by
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the issuing party for internal bookkeeping purposes.</p>
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<p>Cash states are <em>fungible</em> with each other (can be merged and split arbitrarily) if they use the same currency,
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party and deposit reference.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CommercialPaper</span></code> implements an asset with a <em>face value</em> denominated in a certain currency, which may be redeemed at
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the issuing party after a certain time. Commercial paper states define the face value (e.g. $1000) and the time
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at which they may be redeemed. The contract allows the paper to be issued, traded and redeemed. The commercial paper
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contract is implemented twice, once in Java and once in a language called Kotlin.</p>
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<p>Each contract comes with unit tests.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="kotlin">
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<h2>Kotlin<a class="headerlink" href="#kotlin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The prototype is written in a language called <a class="reference external" href="https://kotlinlang.org/">Kotlin</a>. Kotlin is a language that targets the JVM
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and can be thought of as a simpler Scala, with much better Java interop. It is developed by and has commercial support
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from JetBrains, the makers of the IntelliJ IDE and other popular developer tools.</p>
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<p>As Kotlin is very new, without a doubt you have not encountered it before. Don’t worry: it is designed as a better
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Java for industrial use and as such, the syntax was carefully designed to be readable even to people who don’t know
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the language, after only a few minutes of introduction.</p>
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<p>Due to the seamless Java interop the use of Kotlin to extend the platform is <em>not</em> required and the tutorial shows how
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to write contracts in both Kotlin and Java. You can <a class="reference external" href="https://medium.com/@octskyward/why-kotlin-is-my-next-programming-language-c25c001e26e3">read more about why Kotlin is a potentially strong successor to Java here</a>.</p>
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<p>Kotlin programs use the regular Java standard library and ordinary Java frameworks. Frameworks used at this time are:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li>JUnit for unit testing</li>
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<li>Kryo for serialisation (this is not intended to be permanent)</li>
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<li>Gradle for the build</li>
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<li>Guava for a few utility functions</li>
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</ul>
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