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<div class="section" id="persistence">
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<h1>Persistence<a class="headerlink" href="#persistence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Corda offers developers the option to expose all or some part of a contract state to an <em>Object Relational Mapping</em> (ORM) tool
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to be persisted in a RDBMS. The purpose of this is to assist <em>vault</em> development by effectively indexing
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persisted contract states held in the vault for the purpose of running queries over them and to allow relational joins
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between Corda data and private data local to the organisation owning a node.</p>
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<p>The ORM mapping is specified using the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Persistence_API">Java Persistence API</a> (JPA)
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as annotations and is converted to database table rows by the node automatically every time a state is recorded in the
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node’s local vault as part of a transaction.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">Presently the node includes an instance of the H2 database but any database that supports JDBC is a candidate and
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the node will in the future support a range of database implementations via their JDBC drivers. Much of the node
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internal state is also persisted there. You can access the internal H2 database via JDBC, please see the info
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in “<a class="reference internal" href="node-administration.html"><span class="doc">Node administration</span></a>” for details.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="schemas">
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<h2>Schemas<a class="headerlink" href="#schemas" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Every <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContractState</span></code> can implement the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QueryableState</span></code> interface if it wishes to be inserted into the node’s local
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database and accessible using SQL.</p>
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<div class="highlight-kotlin"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * A contract state that may be mapped to database schemas configured for this node to support querying for,</span>
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<span class="cm"> * or filtering of, states.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">interface</span> <span class="nc">QueryableState</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ContractState</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * Enumerate the schemas this state can export representations of itself as.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">fun</span> <span class="nf">supportedSchemas</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">Iterable</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * Export a representation for the given schema.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">fun</span> <span class="nf">generateMappedObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">PersistentState</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QueryableState</span></code> interface requires the state to enumerate the different relational schemas it supports, for instance in
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cases where the schema has evolved, with each one being represented by a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code> object return by the
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<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">supportedSchemas()</span></code> method. Once a schema is selected it must generate that representation when requested via the
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<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">generateMappedObject()</span></code> method which is then passed to the ORM.</p>
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<p>Nodes have an internal <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaService</span></code> which decides what to persist and what not by selecting the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code>
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to use.</p>
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<div class="highlight-kotlin"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * A configuration and customisation point for Object Relational Mapping of contract state objects.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">interface</span> <span class="nc">SchemaService</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * Represents any options configured on the node for a schema.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">data</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SchemaOptions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">val</span> <span class="py">databaseSchema</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">?,</span> <span class="k">val</span> <span class="py">tablePrefix</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">?)</span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * Options configured for this node's schemas. A missing entry for a schema implies all properties are null.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">val</span> <span class="py">schemaOptions</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Map</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SchemaOptions</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * Given a state, select schemas to map it to that are supported by [generateMappedObject] and that are configured</span>
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<span class="cm"> * for this node.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">fun</span> <span class="nf">selectSchemas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">QueryableState</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">Iterable</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * Map a state to a [PersistentState] for the given schema, either via direct support from the state</span>
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<span class="cm"> * or via custom logic in this service.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">fun</span> <span class="nf">generateMappedObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">QueryableState</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">PersistentState</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="highlight-kotlin"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * A database schema that might be configured for this node. As well as a name and version for identifying the schema,</span>
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<span class="cm"> * also list the classes that may be used in the generated object graph in order to configure the ORM tool.</span>
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<span class="cm"> *</span>
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<span class="cm"> * @param schemaFamily A class to fully qualify the name of a schema family (i.e. excludes version)</span>
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<span class="cm"> * @param version The version number of this instance within the family.</span>
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<span class="cm"> * @param mappedTypes The JPA entity classes that the ORM layer needs to be configure with for this schema.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">abstract</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schemaFamily</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p"><*>,</span>
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<span class="k">val</span> <span class="py">version</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="k">val</span> <span class="py">mappedTypes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Iterable</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="p"><*>>)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">val</span> <span class="py">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">schemaFamily</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
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<span class="k">override</span> <span class="k">fun</span> <span class="nf">toString</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"${this.javaClass.simpleName}(name=$name, version=$version)"</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaService</span></code> can be configured by a node administrator to select the schemas used by each app. In this way the
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relational view of ledger states can evolve in a controlled fashion in lock-step with internal systems or other
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integration points and not necessarily with every upgrade to the contract code.
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It can select from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code> offered by a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QueryableState</span></code>, automatically upgrade to a
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later version of a schema or even provide a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code> not originally offered by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QueryableState</span></code>.</p>
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<p>It is expected that multiple different contract state implementations might provide mappings to some common schema.
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For example an Interest Rate Swap contract and an Equity OTC Option contract might both provide a mapping to a common
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Derivative schema. The schemas should typically not be part of the contract itself and should exist independently of it
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to encourage re-use of a common set within a particular business area or Cordapp.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code> offer a family name that is disambiguated using Java package style name-spacing derived from the class name
|
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of a <em>schema family</em> class that is constant across versions, allowing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaService</span></code> to select a preferred version
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of a schema.</p>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaService</span></code> is also responsible for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaOptions</span></code> that can be configured for a particular <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code>
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which allow the configuration of a database schema or table name prefixes to avoid any clash with other <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">It is intended that there should be plugin support for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaService</span></code> to offer the version upgrading and
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additional schemas as part of Cordapps, and that the active schemas be confgurable. However the present implementation
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offers none of this and simply results in all versions of all schemas supported by a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QueryableState</span></code> being persisted.
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This will change in due course. Similarly, it does not currently support configuring <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaOptions</span></code> but will do so in
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the future.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="object-relational-mapping">
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<h2>Object Relational Mapping<a class="headerlink" href="#object-relational-mapping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The persisted representation of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QueryableState</span></code> should be an instance of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PersistentState</span></code> subclass, constructed
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either by the state itself or a plugin to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SchemaService</span></code>. This allows the ORM layer to always associate a
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<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StateRef</span></code> with a persisted representation of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContractState</span></code> and allows joining with the set of unconsumed states
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in the vault.</p>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PersistentState</span></code> subclass should be marked up as a JPA 2.1 <em>Entity</em> with a defined table name and having
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properties (in Kotlin, getters/setters in Java) annotated to map to the appropriate columns and SQL types. Additional
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entities can be included to model these properties where they are more complex, for example collections, so the mapping
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does not have to be <em>flat</em>. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MappedSchema</span></code> must provide a list of all of the JPA entity classes for that schema in order
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to initialise the ORM layer.</p>
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<p>Several examples of entities and mappings are provided in the codebase, including <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cash.State</span></code> and
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<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CommercialPaper.State</span></code>. For example, here’s the first version of the cash schema.</p>
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<div class="highlight-kotlin"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">package</span> <span class="nn">com.r3corda.schemas</span>
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<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">com.r3corda.core.schemas.MappedSchema</span>
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<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">com.r3corda.core.schemas.PersistentState</span>
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<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">javax.persistence.Column</span>
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<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">javax.persistence.Entity</span>
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<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">javax.persistence.Table</span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * An object used to fully qualify the [CashSchema] family name (i.e. independent of version).</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">object</span> <span class="nc">CashSchema</span>
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<span class="cm">/**</span>
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<span class="cm"> * First version of a cash contract ORM schema that maps all fields of the [Cash] contract state as it stood</span>
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<span class="cm"> * at the time of writing.</span>
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<span class="cm"> */</span>
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<span class="k">object</span> <span class="nc">CashSchemaV1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">MappedSchema</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schemaFamily</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">CashSchema</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">javaClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">version</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mappedTypes</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">listOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PersistentCashState</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">java</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="n">@Entity</span>
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<span class="n">@Table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"cash_states"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PersistentCashState</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="n">@Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"encumbrance"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">var</span> <span class="py">encumbrance</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">?,</span>
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<span class="n">@Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"owner_key"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">var</span> <span class="py">owner</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">@Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"pennies"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">var</span> <span class="py">pennies</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">@Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"ccy_code"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="m">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">var</span> <span class="py">currency</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">@Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"issuer_key"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">var</span> <span class="py">issuerParty</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">@Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"issuer_ref"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">var</span> <span class="py">issuerRef</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ByteArray</span>
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<span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">PersistentState</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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