.. highlight:: kotlin
.. raw:: html
API: Flows
==========
.. note:: Before reading this page, you should be familiar with the key concepts of :doc:`key-concepts-flows`.
.. contents::
An example flow
---------------
Before we discuss the API offered by the flow, let's consider what a standard flow may look like.
Imagine a flow for agreeing a basic ledger update between Alice and Bob. This flow will have two sides:
* An ``Initiator`` side, that will initiate the request to update the ledger
* A ``Responder`` side, that will respond to the request to update the ledger
Initiator
^^^^^^^^^
In our flow, the Initiator flow class will be doing the majority of the work:
*Part 1 - Build the transaction*
1. Choose a notary for the transaction
2. Create a transaction builder
3. Extract any input states from the vault and add them to the builder
4. Create any output states and add them to the builder
5. Add any commands, attachments and time-window to the builder
*Part 2 - Sign the transaction*
6. Sign the transaction builder
7. Convert the builder to a signed transaction
*Part 3 - Verify the transaction*
8. Verify the transaction by running its contracts
*Part 4 - Gather the counterparty's signature*
9. Send the transaction to the counterparty
10. Wait to receive back the counterparty's signature
11. Add the counterparty's signature to the transaction
12. Verify the transaction's signatures
*Part 5 - Finalize the transaction*
13. Send the transaction to the notary
14. Wait to receive back the notarised transaction
15. Record the transaction locally
16. Store any relevant states in the vault
17. Send the transaction to the counterparty for recording
We can visualize the work performed by initiator as follows:
.. image:: resources/flow-overview.png
Responder
^^^^^^^^^
To respond to these actions, the responder takes the following steps:
*Part 1 - Sign the transaction*
1. Receive the transaction from the counterparty
2. Verify the transaction's existing signatures
3. Verify the transaction by running its contracts
4. Generate a signature over the transaction
5. Send the signature back to the counterparty
*Part 2 - Record the transaction*
6. Receive the notarised transaction from the counterparty
7. Record the transaction locally
8. Store any relevant states in the vault
FlowLogic
---------
In practice, a flow is implemented as one or more communicating ``FlowLogic`` subclasses. The ``FlowLogic``
subclass's constructor can take any number of arguments of any type. The generic of ``FlowLogic`` (e.g.
``FlowLogic``) indicates the flow's return type.
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.. sourcecode:: kotlin
class Initiator(val arg1: Boolean,
val arg2: Int,
val counterparty: Party): FlowLogic() { }
class Responder(val otherParty: Party) : FlowLogic() { }
.. sourcecode:: java
public static class Initiator extends FlowLogic {
private final boolean arg1;
private final int arg2;
private final Party counterparty;
public Initiator(boolean arg1, int arg2, Party counterparty) {
this.arg1 = arg1;
this.arg2 = arg2;
this.counterparty = counterparty;
}
}
public static class Responder extends FlowLogic { }
FlowLogic annotations
---------------------
Any flow from which you want to initiate other flows must be annotated with the ``@InitiatingFlow`` annotation.
Additionally, if you wish to start the flow via RPC, you must annotate it with the ``@StartableByRPC`` annotation:
.. container:: codeset
.. sourcecode:: kotlin
@InitiatingFlow
@StartableByRPC
class Initiator(): FlowLogic() { }
.. sourcecode:: java
@InitiatingFlow
@StartableByRPC
public static class Initiator extends FlowLogic { }
Meanwhile, any flow that responds to a message from another flow must be annotated with the ``@InitiatedBy`` annotation.
``@InitiatedBy`` takes the class of the flow it is responding to as its single parameter:
.. container:: codeset
.. sourcecode:: kotlin
@InitiatedBy(Initiator::class)
class Responder(val otherSideSession: FlowSession) : FlowLogic() { }
.. sourcecode:: java
@InitiatedBy(Initiator.class)
public static class Responder extends FlowLogic { }
Additionally, any flow that is started by a ``SchedulableState`` must be annotated with the ``@SchedulableFlow``
annotation.
Call
----
Each ``FlowLogic`` subclass must override ``FlowLogic.call()``, which describes the actions it will take as part of
the flow. For example, the actions of the initiator's side of the flow would be defined in ``Initiator.call``, and the
actions of the responder's side of the flow would be defined in ``Responder.call``.
In order for nodes to be able to run multiple flows concurrently, and to allow flows to survive node upgrades and
restarts, flows need to be checkpointable and serializable to disk. This is achieved by marking ``FlowLogic.call()``,
as well as any function invoked from within ``FlowLogic.call()``, with an ``@Suspendable`` annotation.
.. container:: codeset
.. sourcecode:: kotlin
class Initiator(val counterparty: Party): FlowLogic() {
@Suspendable
override fun call() { }
}
.. sourcecode:: java
public static class InitiatorFlow extends FlowLogic {
private final Party counterparty;
public Initiator(Party counterparty) {
this.counterparty = counterparty;
}
@Suspendable
@Override
public Void call() throws FlowException { }
}
ServiceHub
----------
Within ``FlowLogic.call``, the flow developer has access to the node's ``ServiceHub``, which provides access to the
various services the node provides. We will use the ``ServiceHub`` extensively in the examples that follow. You can
also see :doc:`api-service-hub` for information about the services the ``ServiceHub`` offers.
Common flow tasks
-----------------
There are a number of common tasks that you will need to perform within ``FlowLogic.call`` in order to agree ledger
updates. This section details the API for common tasks.
Transaction building
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The majority of the work performed during a flow will be to build, verify and sign a transaction. This is covered
in :doc:`api-transactions`.
Extracting states from the vault
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When building a transaction, you'll often need to extract the states you wish to consume from the vault. This is
covered in :doc:`api-vault-query`.
Retrieving information about other nodes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
We can retrieve information about other nodes on the network and the services they offer using
``ServiceHub.networkMapCache``.
Notaries
~~~~~~~~
Remember that a transaction generally needs a notary to:
* Prevent double-spends if the transaction has inputs
* Serve as a timestamping authority if the transaction has a time-window
There are several ways to retrieve a notary from the network map:
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Specific counterparties
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We can also use the network map to retrieve a specific counterparty:
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Communication between parties
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In order to create a communication session between your initiator flow and the receiver flow you must call
``initiateFlow(party: Party): FlowSession``
``FlowSession`` instances in turn provide three functions:
* ``send(payload: Any)``
* Sends the ``payload`` object
* ``receive(receiveType: Class): R``
* Receives an object of type ``receiveType``
* ``sendAndReceive(receiveType: Class, payload: Any): R``
* Sends the ``payload`` object and receives an object of type ``receiveType`` back
In addition ``FlowLogic`` provides functions that batch receives:
* ``receiveAllMap(sessions: Map>): Map>``
Receives from all ``FlowSession`` objects specified in the passed in map. The received types may differ.
* ``receiveAll(receiveType: Class, sessions: List): List>``
Receives from all ``FlowSession`` objects specified in the passed in list. The received types must be the same.
The batched functions are implemented more efficiently by the flow framework.
InitiateFlow
~~~~~~~~~~~~
``initiateFlow`` creates a communication session with the passed in ``Party``.
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Note that at the time of call to this function no actual communication is done, this is deferred to the first
send/receive, at which point the counterparty will either:
1. Ignore the message if they are not registered to respond to messages from this flow.
2. Start the flow they have registered to respond to this flow.
Send
~~~~
Once we have a ``FlowSession`` object we can send arbitrary data to a counterparty:
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The flow on the other side must eventually reach a corresponding ``receive`` call to get this message.
Receive
~~~~~~~
We can also wait to receive arbitrary data of a specific type from a counterparty. Again, this implies a corresponding
``send`` call in the counterparty's flow. A few scenarios:
* We never receive a message back. In the current design, the flow is paused until the node's owner kills the flow.
* Instead of sending a message back, the counterparty throws a ``FlowException``. This exception is propagated back
to us, and we can use the error message to establish what happened.
* We receive a message back, but it's of the wrong type. In this case, a ``FlowException`` is thrown.
* We receive back a message of the correct type. All is good.
Upon calling ``receive`` (or ``sendAndReceive``), the ``FlowLogic`` is suspended until it receives a response.
We receive the data wrapped in an ``UntrustworthyData`` instance. This is a reminder that the data we receive may not
be what it appears to be! We must unwrap the ``UntrustworthyData`` using a lambda:
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We're not limited to sending to and receiving from a single counterparty. A flow can send messages to as many parties
as it likes, and each party can invoke a different response flow:
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.. warning:: If you initiate several flows from the same ``@InitiatingFlow`` flow then on the receiving side you must be
prepared to be initiated by any of the corresponding ``initiateFlow()`` calls! A good way of handling this ambiguity
is to send as a first message a "role" message to the initiated flow, indicating which part of the initiating flow
the rest of the counter-flow should conform to. For example send an enum, and on the other side start with a switch
statement.
SendAndReceive
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We can also use a single call to send data to a counterparty and wait to receive data of a specific type back. The
type of data sent doesn't need to match the type of the data received back:
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Counterparty response
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Suppose we're now on the ``Responder`` side of the flow. We just received the following series of messages from the
``Initiator``:
1. They sent us an ``Any`` instance
2. They waited to receive an ``Integer`` instance back
3. They sent a ``String`` instance and waited to receive a ``Boolean`` instance back
Our side of the flow must mirror these calls. We could do this as follows:
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Why sessions?
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Before ``FlowSession`` s were introduced the send/receive API looked a bit different. They were functions on
``FlowLogic`` and took the address ``Party`` as argument. The platform internally maintained a mapping from ``Party`` to
session, hiding sessions from the user completely.
Although this is a convenient API it introduces subtle issues where a message that was originally meant for a specific
session may end up in another.
Consider the following contrived example using the old ``Party`` based API:
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The intention of the flows is very clear: LaunchSpaceshipFlow asks the president whether a spaceship should be launched.
It is expecting a boolean reply. The president in return first tells the secretary that they need coffee, which is also
communicated with a boolean. Afterwards the president replies to the launcher that they don't want to launch.
However the above can go horribly wrong when the ``launcher`` happens to be the same party ``getSecretary`` returns. In
this case the boolean meant for the secretary will be received by the launcher!
This indicates that ``Party`` is not a good identifier for the communication sequence, and indeed the ``Party`` based
API may introduce ways for an attacker to fish for information and even trigger unintended control flow like in the
above case.
Hence we introduced ``FlowSession``, which identifies the communication sequence. With ``FlowSession`` s the above set
of flows would look like this:
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Note how the president is now explicit about which session it wants to send to.
Porting from the old Party-based API
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In the old API the first ``send`` or ``receive`` to a ``Party`` was the one kicking off the counter-flow. This is now
explicit in the ``initiateFlow`` function call. To port existing code:
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Subflows
--------
Subflows are pieces of reusable flows that may be run by calling ``FlowLogic.subFlow``. There are two broad categories
of subflows, inlined and initiating ones. The main difference lies in the counter-flow's starting method, initiating
ones initiate counter-flows automatically, while inlined ones expect some parent counter-flow to run the inlined
counterpart.
Inlined subflows
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Inlined subflows inherit their calling flow's type when initiating a new session with a counterparty. For example, say
we have flow A calling an inlined subflow B, which in turn initiates a session with a party. The FlowLogic type used to
determine which counter-flow should be kicked off will be A, not B. Note that this means that the other side of this
inlined flow must therefore be implemented explicitly in the kicked off flow as well. This may be done by calling a
matching inlined counter-flow, or by implementing the other side explicitly in the kicked off parent flow.
An example of such a flow is ``CollectSignaturesFlow``. It has a counter-flow ``SignTransactionFlow`` that isn't
annotated with ``InitiatedBy``. This is because both of these flows are inlined; the kick-off relationship will be
defined by the parent flows calling ``CollectSignaturesFlow`` and ``SignTransactionFlow``.
In the code inlined subflows appear as regular ``FlowLogic`` instances, `without` either of the ``@InitiatingFlow`` or
``@InitiatedBy`` annotation.
.. note:: Inlined flows aren't versioned; they inherit their parent flow's version.
Initiating subflows
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Initiating subflows are ones annotated with the ``@InitiatingFlow`` annotation. When such a flow initiates a session its
type will be used to determine which ``@InitiatedBy`` flow to kick off on the counterparty.
An example is the ``@InitiatingFlow InitiatorFlow``/``@InitiatedBy ResponderFlow`` flow pair in the ``FlowCookbook``.
.. note:: Initiating flows are versioned separately from their parents.
.. note:: The only exception to this rule is ``FinalityFlow`` which is annotated with ``@InitiatingFlow`` but is an inlined flow. This flow
was previously initiating and the annotation exists to maintain backwards compatibility with old code.
Core initiating subflows
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Corda-provided initiating subflows are a little different to standard ones as they are versioned together with the
platform, and their initiated counter-flows are registered explicitly, so there is no need for the ``InitiatedBy``
annotation.
Library flows
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Corda installs four initiating subflow pairs on each node by default:
* ``NotaryChangeFlow``/``NotaryChangeHandler``, which should be used to change a state's notary
* ``ContractUpgradeFlow.Initiate``/``ContractUpgradeHandler``, which should be used to change a state's contract
* ``SwapIdentitiesFlow``/``SwapIdentitiesHandler``, which is used to exchange confidential identities with a
counterparty
.. warning:: ``SwapIdentitiesFlow``/``SwapIdentitiesHandler`` are only installed if the ``confidential-identities`` module
is included. The ``confidential-identities`` module is still not stabilised, so the
``SwapIdentitiesFlow``/``SwapIdentitiesHandler`` API may change in future releases. See :doc:`api-stability-guarantees`.
Corda also provides a number of built-in inlined subflows that should be used for handling common tasks. The most
important are:
* ``FinalityFlow`` which is used to notarise, record locally and then broadcast a signed transaction to its participants
and any extra parties.
* ``ReceiveFinalityFlow`` to receive these notarised transactions from the ``FinalityFlow`` sender and record locally.
* ``CollectSignaturesFlow`` , which should be used to collect a transaction's required signatures
* ``SendTransactionFlow`` , which should be used to send a signed transaction if it needed to be resolved on
the other side.
* ``ReceiveTransactionFlow``, which should be used receive a signed transaction
Let's look at some of these flows in more detail.
FinalityFlow
~~~~~~~~~~~~
``FinalityFlow`` allows us to notarise the transaction and get it recorded in the vault of the participants of all
the transaction's states:
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We can also choose to send the transaction to additional parties who aren't one of the state's participants:
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Only one party has to call ``FinalityFlow`` for a given transaction to be recorded by all participants. It **must not**
be called by every participant. Instead, every other particpant **must** call ``ReceiveFinalityFlow`` in their responder
flow to receive the transaction:
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``idOfTxWeSigned`` is an optional parameter used to confirm that we got the right transaction. It comes from using ``SignTransactionFlow``
which is described in the error handling behaviour section.
Finalizing transactions with only one participant
.................................................
In some cases, transactions will only have one participant, the initiator. In these instances, there are no other
parties to send the transactions to during ``FinalityFlow``. In these cases the ``counterpartySession`` list must exist,
but be empty.
Error handling behaviour
........................
Once a transaction has been notarised and its input states consumed by the flow initiator (eg. sender), should the participant(s) receiving the
transaction fail to verify it, or the receiving flow (the finality handler) fails due to some other error, we then have a scenario where not
all parties have the correct up to date view of the ledger (a condition where eventual consistency between participants takes longer than is
normally the case under Corda's `eventual consistency model `_). To recover from this scenario,
the receiver's finality handler will automatically be sent to the :doc:`node-flow-hospital` where it's suspended and retried from its last checkpoint
upon node restart, or according to other conditional retry rules explained in :ref:`flow hospital runtime behaviour `.
This gives the node operator the opportunity to recover from the error. Until the issue is resolved the node will continue to retry the flow
on each startup. Upon successful completion by the receiver's finality flow, the ledger will become fully consistent once again.
.. warning:: It's possible to forcibly terminate the erroring finality handler using the ``killFlow`` RPC but at the risk of an inconsistent view of the ledger.
.. note:: A future release will allow retrying hospitalised flows without restarting the node, i.e. via RPC.
CollectSignaturesFlow/SignTransactionFlow
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The list of parties who need to sign a transaction is dictated by the transaction's commands. Once we've signed a
transaction ourselves, we can automatically gather the signatures of the other required signers using
``CollectSignaturesFlow``:
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Each required signer will need to respond by invoking its own ``SignTransactionFlow`` subclass to check the
transaction (by implementing the ``checkTransaction`` method) and provide their signature if they are satisfied:
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Types of things to check include:
* Ensuring that the transaction received is the expected type, i.e. has the expected type of inputs and outputs
* Checking that the properties of the outputs are expected, this is in the absence of integrating reference
data sources to facilitate this
* Checking that the transaction is not incorrectly spending (perhaps maliciously) asset states, as potentially
the transaction creator has access to some of signer's state references
SendTransactionFlow/ReceiveTransactionFlow
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Verifying a transaction received from a counterparty also requires verification of every transaction in its
dependency chain. This means the receiving party needs to be able to ask the sender all the details of the chain.
The sender will use ``SendTransactionFlow`` for sending the transaction and then for processing all subsequent
transaction data vending requests as the receiver walks the dependency chain using ``ReceiveTransactionFlow``:
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We can receive the transaction using ``ReceiveTransactionFlow``, which will automatically download all the
dependencies and verify the transaction:
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We can also send and receive a ``StateAndRef`` dependency chain and automatically resolve its dependencies:
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Why inlined subflows?
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Inlined subflows provide a way to share commonly used flow code `while forcing users to create a parent flow`. Take for
example ``CollectSignaturesFlow``. Say we made it an initiating flow that automatically kicks off
``SignTransactionFlow`` that signs the transaction. This would mean malicious nodes can just send any old transaction to
us using ``CollectSignaturesFlow`` and we would automatically sign it!
By making this pair of flows inlined we provide control to the user over whether to sign the transaction or not by
forcing them to nest it in their own parent flows.
In general if you're writing a subflow the decision of whether you should make it initiating should depend on whether
the counter-flow needs broader context to achieve its goal.
FlowException
-------------
Suppose a node throws an exception while running a flow. Any counterparty flows waiting for a message from the node
(i.e. as part of a call to ``receive`` or ``sendAndReceive``) will be notified that the flow has unexpectedly
ended and will themselves end. However, the exception thrown will not be propagated back to the counterparties.
If you wish to notify any waiting counterparties of the cause of the exception, you can do so by throwing a
``FlowException``:
.. container:: codeset
.. literalinclude:: ../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/flows/FlowException.kt
:language: kotlin
:start-after: DOCSTART 1
:end-before: DOCEND 1
The flow framework will automatically propagate the ``FlowException`` back to the waiting counterparties.
There are many scenarios in which throwing a ``FlowException`` would be appropriate:
* A transaction doesn't ``verify()``
* A transaction's signatures are invalid
* The transaction does not match the parameters of the deal as discussed
* You are reneging on a deal
ProgressTracker
---------------
We can give our flow a progress tracker. This allows us to see the flow's progress visually in our node's CRaSH shell.
To provide a progress tracker, we have to override ``FlowLogic.progressTracker`` in our flow:
.. container:: codeset
.. literalinclude:: ../../docs/source/example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/kotlin/FlowCookbook.kt
:language: kotlin
:start-after: DOCSTART 17
:end-before: DOCEND 17
:dedent: 4
.. literalinclude:: ../../docs/source/example-code/src/main/java/net/corda/docs/java/FlowCookbook.java
:language: java
:start-after: DOCSTART 17
:end-before: DOCEND 17
:dedent: 8
We then update the progress tracker's current step as we progress through the flow as follows:
.. container:: codeset
.. literalinclude:: ../../docs/source/example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/kotlin/FlowCookbook.kt
:language: kotlin
:start-after: DOCSTART 18
:end-before: DOCEND 18
:dedent: 8
.. literalinclude:: ../../docs/source/example-code/src/main/java/net/corda/docs/java/FlowCookbook.java
:language: java
:start-after: DOCSTART 18
:end-before: DOCEND 18
:dedent: 12
HTTP and database calls
-----------------------
HTTP, database and other calls to external resources are allowed in flows. However, their support is currently limited:
* The call must be executed in a BLOCKING way. Flows don't currently support suspending to await the response to a call to an external resource
* For this reason, the call should be provided with a timeout to prevent the flow from suspending forever. If the timeout elapses, this should be treated as a soft failure and handled by the flow's business logic
* The call must be idempotent. If the flow fails and has to restart from a checkpoint, the call will also be replayed
Concurrency, Locking and Waiting
--------------------------------
Corda is designed to:
* run many flows in parallel
* persist flows to storage and resurrect those flows much later
* (in the future) migrate flows between JVMs
Because of this, care must be taken when performing locking or waiting operations.
Locking
^^^^^^^
Flows should avoid using locks or interacting with objects that are shared between flows (except for ``ServiceHub`` and other
carefully crafted services such as Oracles. See :doc:`oracles`). Locks will significantly reduce the scalability of the
node, and can cause the node to deadlock if they remain locked across flow context switch boundaries (such as when sending
and receiving from peers, as discussed above, or sleeping, as discussed below).
Waiting
^^^^^^^
A flow can wait until a specific transaction has been received and verified by the node using `FlowLogic.waitForLedgerCommit`.
Outside of this, scheduling an activity to occur at some future time should be achieved using ``SchedulableState``.
However, if there is a need for brief pauses in flows, you have the option of using ``FlowLogic.sleep`` in place of where you
might have used ``Thread.sleep``. Flows should expressly not use ``Thread.sleep``, since this will prevent the node from
processing other flows in the meantime, significantly impairing the performance of the node.
Even ``FlowLogic.sleep`` should not be used to create long running flows or as a substitute to using the ``SchedulableState``
scheduler, since the Corda ethos is for short-lived flows (long-lived flows make upgrading nodes or CorDapps much more
complicated).
For example, the ``finance`` package currently uses ``FlowLogic.sleep`` to make several attempts at coin selection when
many states are soft locked, to wait for states to become unlocked:
.. literalinclude:: ../../finance/workflows/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/finance/workflows/asset/selection/AbstractCashSelection.kt
:language: kotlin
:start-after: DOCSTART CASHSELECT 1
:end-before: DOCEND CASHSELECT 1
:dedent: 8