Writing a contract test¶

This tutorial will take you through the steps required to write a contract test using Kotlin and/or Java.

The testing DSL allows one to define a piece of the ledger with transactions referring to each other, and ways of verifying their correctness.

Testing single transactions¶

We start with the empty ledger:

@Test
fun emptyLedger() {
    ledger {
    }
}

import static com.r3corda.core.testing.JavaTestHelpers.*;
import static com.r3corda.core.contracts.JavaTestHelpers.*;

@Test
public void emptyLedger() {
    ledger(l -> {
        return Unit.INSTANCE; // We need to return this explicitly
    });
}

The DSL keyword ledger takes a closure that can build up several transactions and may verify their overall correctness.

Let’s add a Cash transaction:

@Test
fun simpleCashDoesntCompile() {
    val inState = Cash.State(
            amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
            owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1
    )
    ledger {
        transaction {
            input(inState)
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void simpleCashDoesntCompile() {
    Cash.State inState = new Cash.State(
            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
            getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()
    );
    ledger(l -> {
        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input(inState);
        });
        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

We can add a transaction to the ledger using the transaction primitive. The transaction in turn may be defined by specifying input-s, output-s, command-s and attachment-s.

The above input call is a bit special: Transactions don’t actually contain input states, just references to output states of other transactions. Under the hood the above input call creates a dummy transaction in the ledger (that won’t be verified) which outputs the specified state, and references that from this transaction.

The above code however doesn’t compile:

Error:(26, 21) Kotlin: Type mismatch: inferred type is Unit but EnforceVerifyOrFail was expected

Error:(26, 31) java: incompatible types: bad return type in lambda expression missing return value

This is deliberate: The DSL forces us to specify either this.verifies() or this `fails with` "some text" on the last line of transaction:

@Test
fun simpleCash() {
    val inState = Cash.State(
            amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
            owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1
    )
    ledger {
        transaction {
            input(inState)
            this.verifies()
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void simpleCash() {
    Cash.State inState = new Cash.State(
            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
            getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()
    );
    ledger(l -> {
        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input(inState);
            return tx.verifies();
        });
        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

The code finally compiles. When run, it produces the following error:

com.r3corda.core.contracts.TransactionVerificationException$ContractRejection: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Failed requirement: for deposit [0101] at issuer MegaCorp the amounts balance

The transaction verification failed, because the sum of inputs does not equal the sum of outputs. We can specify that this is intended behaviour by changing this.verifies() to this `fails with` "the amounts balance":

@Test
fun simpleCashFailsWith() {
    val inState = Cash.State(
            amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
            owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1
    )
    ledger {
        transaction {
            input(inState)
            this `fails with` "the amounts balance"
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void simpleCashFailsWith() {
    Cash.State inState = new Cash.State(
            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
            getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()
    );
    ledger(l -> {
        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input(inState);
            return tx.failsWith("the amounts balance");
        });
        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

We can continue to build the transaction until it verifies:

@Test
fun simpleCashSuccess() {
    val inState = Cash.State(
            amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
            owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1
    )
    ledger {
        transaction {
            input(inState)
            this `fails with` "the amounts balance"
            output(inState.copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_2))
            command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_1) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this.verifies()
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void simpleCashSuccess() {
    Cash.State inState = new Cash.State(
            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
            getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()
    );
    ledger(l -> {
        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input(inState);
            tx.failsWith("the amounts balance");
            tx.output(inState.copy(inState.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2()));
            tx.command(getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tx.verifies();
        });
        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

output specifies that we want the input state to be transferred to DUMMY_PUBKEY_2 and command adds the Move command itself, signed by the current owner of the input state, DUMMY_PUBKEY_1.

We constructed a complete signed cash transaction from DUMMY_PUBKEY_1 to DUMMY_PUBKEY_2 and verified it. Note how we left in the fails with line - this is fine, the failure will be tested on the partially constructed transaction.

What should we do if we wanted to test what happens when the wrong party signs the transaction? If we simply add a command it will ruin the transaction for good... Enter tweak:

@Test
fun simpleCashTweakSuccess() {
    val inState = Cash.State(
            amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
            owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1
    )
    ledger {
        transaction {
            input(inState)
            this `fails with` "the amounts balance"
            output(inState.copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_2))

            tweak {
                command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_2) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
                this `fails with` "the owning keys are the same as the signing keys"
            }

            command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_1) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this.verifies()
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void simpleCashTweakSuccess() {
    Cash.State inState = new Cash.State(
            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
            getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()
    );
    ledger(l -> {
        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input(inState);
            tx.failsWith("the amounts balance");
            tx.output(inState.copy(inState.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2()));

            tx.tweak(tw -> {
                tw.command(getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
                return tw.failsWith("the owning keys are the same as the signing keys");
            });
            tx.command(getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tx.verifies();
        });
        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

tweak creates a local copy of the transaction. This allows the local “ruining” of the transaction allowing testing of different error conditions.

We now have a neat little test that tests a single transaction. This is already useful, and in fact testing of a single transaction in this way is very common. There is even a shorthand toplevel transaction primitive that creates a ledger with a single transaction:

@Test
fun simpleCashTweakSuccessTopLevelTransaction() {
    val inState = Cash.State(
            amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
            owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1
    )
    transaction {
        input(inState)
        this `fails with` "the amounts balance"
        output(inState.copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_2))

        tweak {
            command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_2) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this `fails with` "the owning keys are the same as the signing keys"
        }

        command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_1) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
        this.verifies()
    }
}

@Test
public void simpleCashTweakSuccessTopLevelTransaction() {
    Cash.State inState = new Cash.State(
            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
            getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()
    );
    transaction(tx -> {
        tx.input(inState);
        tx.failsWith("the amounts balance");
        tx.output(inState.copy(inState.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2()));

        tx.tweak(tw -> {
            tw.command(getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tw.failsWith("the owning keys are the same as the signing keys");
        });
        tx.command(getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
        return tx.verifies();
    });
}

Chaining transactions¶

Now that we know how to define a single transaction, let’s look at how to define a chain of them:

@Test
fun chainCash() {
    ledger {
        unverifiedTransaction {
            output("MEGA_CORP cash") {
                Cash.State(
                        amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
                        owner = MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY
                )
            }
        }

        transaction {
            input("MEGA_CORP cash")
            output("MEGA_CORP cash".output<Cash.State>().copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1))
            command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this.verifies()
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void chainCash() {
    ledger(l -> {
        l.unverifiedTransaction(tx -> {
            tx.output("MEGA_CORP cash",
                    new Cash.State(
                            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
                            getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY()
                    )
            );
            return Unit.INSTANCE;
        });

        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input("MEGA_CORP cash");
            Cash.State inputCash = l.retrieveOutput(Cash.State.class, "MEGA_CORP cash");
            tx.output(inputCash.copy(inputCash.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()));
            tx.command(getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tx.verifies();
        });

        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

In this example we declare that MEGA_CORP has a thousand dollars but we don’t care where from, for this we can use unverifiedTransaction. Note how we don’t need to specify this.verifies().

The output cash was labelled with "MEGA_CORP cash", we can subsequently referred to this other transactions, e.g. by input("MEGA_CORP cash") or "MEGA_CORP cash".output<Cash.State>().

What happens if we reuse the output cash twice?

@Test
fun chainCashDoubleSpend() {
    ledger {
        unverifiedTransaction {
            output("MEGA_CORP cash") {
                Cash.State(
                        amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
                        owner = MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY
                )
            }
        }

        transaction {
            input("MEGA_CORP cash")
            output("MEGA_CORP cash".output<Cash.State>().copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1))
            command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this.verifies()
        }

        transaction {
            input("MEGA_CORP cash")
            // We send it to another pubkey so that the transaction is not identical to the previous one
            output("MEGA_CORP cash".output<Cash.State>().copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_2))
            command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this.verifies()
        }
    }
}

@Test
public void chainCashDoubleSpend() {
    ledger(l -> {
        l.unverifiedTransaction(tx -> {
            tx.output("MEGA_CORP cash",
                    new Cash.State(
                            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
                            getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY()
                    )
            );
            return Unit.INSTANCE;
        });

        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input("MEGA_CORP cash");
            Cash.State inputCash = l.retrieveOutput(Cash.State.class, "MEGA_CORP cash");
            tx.output(inputCash.copy(inputCash.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()));
            tx.command(getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tx.verifies();
        });

        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input("MEGA_CORP cash");
            Cash.State inputCash = l.retrieveOutput(Cash.State.class, "MEGA_CORP cash");
            // We send it to another pubkey so that the transaction is not identical to the previous one
            tx.output(inputCash.copy(inputCash.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2()));
            tx.command(getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tx.verifies();
        });

        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}

The transactions verifies() individually, however the state was spent twice!

We can also verify the complete ledger by calling verifies/fails on the ledger level. We can also use tweak to create a local copy of the whole ledger:

@Test
fun chainCashDoubleSpendFailsWith() {
    ledger {
        unverifiedTransaction {
            output("MEGA_CORP cash") {
                Cash.State(
                        amount = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(1, 1),
                        owner = MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY
                )
            }
        }

        transaction {
            input("MEGA_CORP cash")
            output("MEGA_CORP cash".output<Cash.State>().copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1))
            command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
            this.verifies()
        }

        tweak {
            transaction {
                input("MEGA_CORP cash")
                // We send it to another pubkey so that the transaction is not identical to the previous one
                output("MEGA_CORP cash".output<Cash.State>().copy(owner = DUMMY_PUBKEY_1))
                command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
                this.verifies()
            }
            this.fails()
        }

        this.verifies()
    }
}

@Test
public void chainCashDoubleSpendFailsWith() {
    ledger(l -> {
        l.unverifiedTransaction(tx -> {
            tx.output("MEGA_CORP cash",
                    new Cash.State(
                            issuedBy(DOLLARS(1000), getMEGA_CORP().ref((byte)1, (byte)1)),
                            getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY()
                    )
            );
            return Unit.INSTANCE;
        });

        l.transaction(tx -> {
            tx.input("MEGA_CORP cash");
            Cash.State inputCash = l.retrieveOutput(Cash.State.class, "MEGA_CORP cash");
            tx.output(inputCash.copy(inputCash.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1()));
            tx.command(getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
            return tx.verifies();
        });

        l.tweak(lw -> {
            lw.transaction(tx -> {
                tx.input("MEGA_CORP cash");
                Cash.State inputCash = l.retrieveOutput(Cash.State.class, "MEGA_CORP cash");
                // We send it to another pubkey so that the transaction is not identical to the previous one
                tx.output(inputCash.copy(inputCash.getAmount(), getDUMMY_PUBKEY_2()));
                tx.command(getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY(), new Cash.Commands.Move());
                return tx.verifies();
            });
            lw.fails();
            return Unit.INSTANCE;
        });

        l.verifies();
        return Unit.INSTANCE;
    });
}