diff --git a/makefile b/makefile
index 21d1eb6c97..c000eddd8c 100644
--- a/makefile
+++ b/makefile
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ src = src
 classpath = classpath
 test = test
 
-input = $(test-build)/References.class
+input = $(test-build)/List.class
 
 build-cxx = g++
 build-cc = gcc
diff --git a/src/interpret.cpp b/src/interpret.cpp
index 7ac781103f..9ac471f900 100644
--- a/src/interpret.cpp
+++ b/src/interpret.cpp
@@ -2051,36 +2051,33 @@ interpret(Thread* t)
       index = codeReadInt16(t, code, ip);
     }
 
-    object v = arrayBody(t, codePool(t, code), index - 1);
+    object pool = codePool(t, code);
 
-    if (objectClass(t, v) == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::IntType)
-        or objectClass(t, v) == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::FloatType))
-    {
-      pushInt(t, intValue(t, v));
-    } else if (objectClass(t, v)
-               == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::StringType))
-    {
-      pushObject(t, v);
+    if (singletonIsObject(t, pool, index - 1)) {
+      object v = singletonObject(t, pool, index - 1);
+      if (objectClass(t, v)
+          == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::ByteArrayType))
+      {
+        object class_ = resolveClassInPool(t, pool, index - 1); 
+        if (UNLIKELY(exception)) goto throw_;
+
+        pushObject(t, class_);
+      } else {     
+        pushObject(t, v);
+      }
     } else {
-      object class_ = resolveClassInPool(t, codePool(t, code), index - 1);
-      if (UNLIKELY(exception)) goto throw_;
-
-      pushObject(t, class_);
+      pushInt(t, singletonValue(t, pool, index - 1));
     }
   } goto loop;
 
   case ldc2_w: {
     uint16_t index = codeReadInt16(t, code, ip);
 
-    object v = arrayBody(t, codePool(t, code), index - 1);
+    object pool = codePool(t, code);
 
-    if (objectClass(t, v) == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::LongType)
-        or objectClass(t, v) == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::DoubleType))
-    {
-      pushLong(t, longValue(t, v));
-    } else {
-      abort(t);
-    }
+    uint64_t v;
+    memcpy(&v, &singletonValue(t, pool, index - 1), 8);
+    pushLong(t, v);
   } goto loop;
 
   case ldiv_: {
@@ -2863,15 +2860,45 @@ class MyProcessor: public Processor {
   }
 
   virtual object
-  methodStub(vm::Thread*)
+  makeMethod(vm::Thread* t,
+             uint8_t vmFlags,
+             uint8_t returnCode,
+             uint8_t parameterCount,
+             uint8_t parameterFootprint,
+             uint16_t flags,
+             uint16_t offset,
+             object name,
+             object spec,
+             object class_,
+             object code)
   {
-    return 0;
+    return vm::makeMethod
+      (t, vmFlags, returnCode, parameterCount, parameterFootprint, flags,
+       offset, name, spec, class_, code, 0);
   }
 
   virtual object
-  nativeInvoker(vm::Thread*)
+  makeClass(vm::Thread* t,
+            uint16_t flags,
+            uint8_t vmFlags,
+            uint8_t arrayDimensions,
+            uint16_t fixedSize,
+            uint16_t arrayElementSize,
+            object objectMask,
+            object name,
+            object super,
+            object interfaceTable,
+            object virtualTable,
+            object fieldTable,
+            object methodTable,
+            object staticTable,
+            object loader,
+            unsigned vtableLength UNUSED)
   {
-    return 0;
+    return vm::makeClass
+      (t, flags, vmFlags, arrayDimensions, fixedSize, arrayElementSize,
+       objectMask, name, super, interfaceTable, virtualTable, fieldTable,
+       methodTable, staticTable, loader, 0, false);
   }
 
   virtual unsigned
diff --git a/src/jnienv.cpp b/src/jnienv.cpp
index 5f5b72accc..19b86025dc 100644
--- a/src/jnienv.cpp
+++ b/src/jnienv.cpp
@@ -197,15 +197,15 @@ IsInstanceOf(Thread* t, jobject o, jclass c)
 }
 
 object
-findMethod(Thread* t, object class_, const char* name, const char* spec)
+findMethod(Thread* t, object c, const char* name, const char* spec)
 {
-  ENTER(t, Thread::ActiveState);
+  PROTECT(t, c);
 
   object n = makeByteArray(t, "%s", name);
   PROTECT(t, n);
 
   object s = makeByteArray(t, "%s", spec);
-  return vm::findMethod(t, class_, n, s);
+  return vm::findMethod(t, c, n, s);
 }
 
 jmethodID JNICALL
diff --git a/src/machine.cpp b/src/machine.cpp
index 1714ef7cee..7ae3c6a9f2 100644
--- a/src/machine.cpp
+++ b/src/machine.cpp
@@ -204,13 +204,8 @@ walk(Thread* t, Heap::Walker* w, object o)
   } else if (classVmFlags(t, class_) & SingletonFlag) {
     unsigned length = singletonLength(t, o);
     if (length) {
-      unsigned maskSize = ceiling(length + 2, BitsPerWord + 1);
-
-      uint32_t mask[maskSize * (BytesPerWord / 4)];
-      memcpy(mask, &singletonBody(t, o, length - maskSize),
-             maskSize * BytesPerWord);
-
-      walk(t, w, mask, (length + 2) * BytesPerWord, 0, 0);
+      walk(t, w, singletonMask(t, o),
+           (singletonCount(t, o) + 2) * BytesPerWord, 0, 0);
     } else {
       w->visit(0);
     }
@@ -617,127 +612,151 @@ parseUtf8(Thread* t, Stream& s, unsigned length)
   return value;
 }
 
+unsigned
+parsePoolEntry(Thread* t, Stream& s, uint32_t* index, object pool, unsigned i)
+{
+  PROTECT(t, pool);
+
+  s.setPosition(index[i]);
+
+  switch (s.read1()) {
+  case CONSTANT_Integer:
+  case CONSTANT_Float: {
+    singletonValue(t, pool, i) = s.read4();
+  } return 1;
+    
+  case CONSTANT_Long:
+  case CONSTANT_Double: {
+    uint64_t v = s.read8();
+    memcpy(&singletonValue(t, pool, i), &v, 8);
+  } return 2;
+
+  case CONSTANT_Utf8: {
+    if (singletonObject(t, pool, i) == 0) {
+      object value = parseUtf8(t, s, s.read2());
+      set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
+    }
+  } return 1;
+
+  case CONSTANT_Class: {
+    if (singletonObject(t, pool, i) == 0) {
+      unsigned si = s.read2() - 1;
+      parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, si);
+        
+      object value = singletonObject(t, pool, si);
+      set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
+    }
+  } return 1;
+
+  case CONSTANT_String: {
+    if (singletonObject(t, pool, i) == 0) {
+      unsigned si = s.read2() - 1;
+      parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, si);
+        
+      object value = singletonObject(t, pool, si);
+      value = makeString(t, value, 0, byteArrayLength(t, value) - 1, 0);
+      value = intern(t, value);
+      set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
+    }
+  } return 1;
+
+  case CONSTANT_NameAndType: {
+    if (singletonObject(t, pool, i) == 0) {
+      unsigned ni = s.read2() - 1;
+      unsigned ti = s.read2() - 1;
+
+      parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, ni);
+      parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, ti);
+        
+      object name = singletonObject(t, pool, ni);
+      object type = singletonObject(t, pool, ti);
+      object value = makePair(t, name, type);
+      set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
+    }
+  } return 1;
+
+  case CONSTANT_Fieldref:
+  case CONSTANT_Methodref:
+  case CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref: {
+    if (singletonObject(t, pool, i) == 0) {
+      unsigned ci = s.read2() - 1;
+      unsigned nti = s.read2() - 1;
+
+      parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, ci);
+      parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, nti);
+        
+      object class_ = singletonObject(t, pool, ci);
+      object nameAndType = singletonObject(t, pool, nti);
+      object value = makeReference
+          (t, class_, pairFirst(t, nameAndType), pairSecond(t, nameAndType));
+      set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
+    }
+  } return 1;
+
+  default: abort(t);
+  }
+}
+
 object
 parsePool(Thread* t, Stream& s)
 {
-  unsigned poolCount = s.read2() - 1;
-  object pool = makeArray(t, poolCount, true);
+  unsigned count = s.read2() - 1;
 
-  PROTECT(t, pool);
+  object pool = makeSingleton(t, count);
 
-  for (unsigned i = 0; i < poolCount; ++i) {
-    unsigned c = s.read1();
+  if (count) {
+    uint32_t* index = static_cast<uint32_t*>
+      (t->m->system->allocate(count * 4));
 
-    switch (c) {
-    case CONSTANT_Integer: {
-      object value = makeInt(t, s.read4());
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      index[i] = s.position();
 
-    case CONSTANT_Float: {
-      object value = makeInt(t, s.readFloat());
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
+      switch (s.read1()) {
+      case CONSTANT_Class:
+      case CONSTANT_String:
+        singletonMarkObject(t, pool, i);
+        s.skip(2);
+        break;
 
-    case CONSTANT_Long: {
-      object value = makeLong(t, s.read8());
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-      ++i;
-    } break;
+      case CONSTANT_Integer:
+      case CONSTANT_Float:
+        s.skip(4);
+        break;
 
-    case CONSTANT_Double: {
-      object value = makeLong(t, s.readDouble());
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-      ++i;
-    } break;
-
-    case CONSTANT_Utf8: {
-      object value = parseUtf8(t, s, s.read2());
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
-
-    case CONSTANT_Class: {
-      object value = makeIntArray(t, 2, false);
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 0) = c;
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 1) = s.read2();
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
-
-    case CONSTANT_String: {
-      object value = makeIntArray(t, 2, false);
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 0) = c;
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 1) = s.read2();
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
-
-    case CONSTANT_NameAndType: {
-      object value = makeIntArray(t, 3, false);
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 0) = c;
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 1) = s.read2();
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 2) = s.read2();
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
-
-    case CONSTANT_Fieldref:
-    case CONSTANT_Methodref:
-    case CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref: {
-      object value = makeIntArray(t, 3, false);
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 0) = c;
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 1) = s.read2();
-      intArrayBody(t, value, 2) = s.read2();
-      set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-    } break;
-
-    default: abort(t);
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (unsigned i = 0; i < poolCount; ++i) {
-    object o = arrayBody(t, pool, i);
-    if (o and objectClass(t, o)
-        == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::IntArrayType))
-    {
-      switch (intArrayBody(t, o, 0)) {
-      case CONSTANT_Class: {
-        set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord),
-            arrayBody(t, pool, intArrayBody(t, o, 1) - 1));
-      } break;
-
-      case CONSTANT_String: {
-        object bytes = arrayBody(t, pool, intArrayBody(t, o, 1) - 1);
-        object value = makeString
-          (t, bytes, 0, byteArrayLength(t, bytes) - 1, 0);
-        value = intern(t, value);
-        set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-      } break;
-
-      case CONSTANT_NameAndType: {
-        object name = arrayBody(t, pool, intArrayBody(t, o, 1) - 1);
-        object type = arrayBody(t, pool, intArrayBody(t, o, 2) - 1);
-        object value = makePair(t, name, type);
-        set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-      } break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (unsigned i = 0; i < poolCount; ++i) {
-    object o = arrayBody(t, pool, i);
-    if (o and objectClass(t, o)
-        == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::IntArrayType))
-    {
-      switch (intArrayBody(t, o, 0)) {
+      case CONSTANT_NameAndType:
       case CONSTANT_Fieldref:
       case CONSTANT_Methodref:
-      case CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref: {
-        object c = arrayBody(t, pool, intArrayBody(t, o, 1) - 1);
-        object nameAndType = arrayBody(t, pool, intArrayBody(t, o, 2) - 1);
-        object value = makeReference
-          (t, c, pairFirst(t, nameAndType), pairSecond(t, nameAndType));
-        set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (i * BytesPerWord), value);
-      } break;
+      case CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref:
+        singletonMarkObject(t, pool, i);
+        s.skip(4);
+        break;
+
+      case CONSTANT_Long:
+      case CONSTANT_Double:
+        s.skip(8);
+        ++ i;
+        break;
+
+      case CONSTANT_Utf8:
+        singletonMarkObject(t, pool, i);
+        s.skip(s.read2());
+        break;
+
+      default: abort(t);
       }
     }
+
+    unsigned end = s.position();
+
+    PROTECT(t, pool);
+
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < count;) {
+      i += parsePoolEntry(t, s, index, pool, i);
+    }
+
+    t->m->system->free(index);
+
+    s.setPosition(end);
   }
 
   return pool;
@@ -780,7 +799,7 @@ parseInterfaceTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
   
   unsigned count = s.read2();
   for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-    object name = arrayBody(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
+    object name = singletonObject(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
     PROTECT(t, name);
 
     object interface = resolveClass(t, name);
@@ -861,31 +880,53 @@ parseFieldTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
       object value = 0;
       PROTECT(t, value);
 
+      unsigned code = fieldCode
+        (t, byteArrayBody(t, singletonObject(t, pool, spec - 1), 0));
+
       unsigned attributeCount = s.read2();
       for (unsigned j = 0; j < attributeCount; ++j) {
-        object name = arrayBody(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
+        object name = singletonObject(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
         unsigned length = s.read4();
 
         if (strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>("ConstantValue"),
                    &byteArrayBody(t, name, 0)) == 0)
         {
-          value = arrayBody(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
+          switch (code) {
+          case ByteField:
+          case BooleanField:
+          case CharField:
+          case ShortField:
+          case IntField:
+          case FloatField:
+            value = makeInt(t, singletonValue(t, pool, s.read2() - 1));
+            break;
+
+          case LongField:
+          case DoubleField: {
+            uint64_t v;
+            memcpy(&v, &singletonValue(t, pool, s.read2() - 1), 8);
+            value = makeLong(t, v);
+          } break;
+
+          case ObjectField:
+            value = singletonObject(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
+            break;
+
+          default: abort(t);
+          }
         } else {
           s.skip(length);
         }
       }
 
-      unsigned code = fieldCode
-        (t, byteArrayBody(t, arrayBody(t, pool, spec - 1), 0));
-
       object field = makeField
         (t,
          0, // vm flags
          code,
          flags,
          0, // offset
-         arrayBody(t, pool, name - 1),
-         arrayBody(t, pool, spec - 1),
+         singletonObject(t, pool, name - 1),
+         singletonObject(t, pool, spec - 1),
          class_);
 
       if (flags & ACC_STATIC) {
@@ -925,19 +966,11 @@ parseFieldTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
     if (staticCount) {
       unsigned footprint = ceiling(staticOffset - (BytesPerWord * 2),
                                    BytesPerWord);
-      unsigned maskSize = ceiling(footprint + 2, BitsPerWord);
-      object staticTable = makeSingleton(t, footprint + maskSize, false);
+      object staticTable = makeSingleton(t, footprint);
 
       uint8_t* body = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>
         (&singletonBody(t, staticTable, 0));
 
-      uint32_t* mask = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>
-        (&singletonBody(t, staticTable, footprint));
-
-      memset(mask, 0, maskSize * BytesPerWord);
-
-      mask[0] |= 1;
-
       for (unsigned i = 0, offset = 0; i < staticCount; ++i) {
         unsigned size = fieldSize(t, staticTypes[i]);
         unsigned excess = offset % size;
@@ -979,8 +1012,7 @@ parseFieldTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
         }
 
         if (staticTypes[i] == ObjectField) {
-          unsigned index = (offset / BytesPerWord) + 2;
-          mask[index / 32] |= static_cast<uint32_t>(1) << (index % 32);
+          singletonMarkObject(t, staticTable, offset / BytesPerWord);
         }
 
         offset += size;
@@ -1064,7 +1096,7 @@ parseCode(Thread* t, Stream& s, object pool)
 
   unsigned attributeCount = s.read2();
   for (unsigned j = 0; j < attributeCount; ++j) {
-    object name = arrayBody(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
+    object name = singletonObject(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
     unsigned length = s.read4();
 
     if (strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>("LineNumberTable"),
@@ -1181,7 +1213,7 @@ parseMethodTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
       object code = 0;
       unsigned attributeCount = s.read2();
       for (unsigned j = 0; j < attributeCount; ++j) {
-        object name = arrayBody(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
+        object name = singletonObject(t, pool, s.read2() - 1);
         unsigned length = s.read4();
 
         if (strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>("Code"),
@@ -1194,7 +1226,7 @@ parseMethodTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
       }
 
       const char* specString = reinterpret_cast<const char*>
-        (&byteArrayBody(t, arrayBody(t, pool, spec - 1), 0));
+        (&byteArrayBody(t, singletonObject(t, pool, spec - 1), 0));
 
       unsigned parameterCount;
       unsigned returnCode;
@@ -1203,25 +1235,19 @@ parseMethodTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
       unsigned parameterFootprint = t->m->processor->parameterFootprint
         (t, specString, flags & ACC_STATIC);
 
-      object compiled;
-      if (flags & ACC_NATIVE) {
-        compiled = t->m->processor->nativeInvoker(t);
-      } else {
-        compiled = t->m->processor->methodStub(t);
-      }
+      object method =  t->m->processor->makeMethod
+        (t,
+         0, // vm flags
+         returnCode,
+         parameterCount,
+         parameterFootprint,
+         flags,
+         0, // offset
+         singletonObject(t, pool, name - 1),
+         singletonObject(t, pool, spec - 1),
+         class_,
+         code);
 
-      object method = makeMethod(t,
-                                 0, // vm flags
-                                 returnCode,
-                                 parameterCount,
-                                 parameterFootprint,
-                                 flags,
-                                 0, // offset
-                                 arrayBody(t, pool, name - 1),
-                                 arrayBody(t, pool, spec - 1),
-                                 class_,
-                                 code,
-                                 compiled);
       PROTECT(t, method);
 
       if (methodVirtual(t, method)) {
@@ -1357,6 +1383,35 @@ parseMethodTable(Thread* t, Stream& s, object class_, object pool)
   }
 }
 
+void
+updateClassTables(Thread* t, object newClass, object oldClass)
+{
+  object fieldTable = classFieldTable(t, newClass);
+  if (fieldTable) {
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < arrayLength(t, fieldTable); ++i) {
+      set(t, arrayBody(t, fieldTable, i), FieldClass, newClass);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (classFlags(t, newClass) & ACC_INTERFACE) {
+    object virtualTable = classVirtualTable(t, newClass);
+    if (virtualTable) {
+      for (unsigned i = 0; i < arrayLength(t, virtualTable); ++i) {
+        if (methodClass(t, arrayBody(t, virtualTable, i)) == oldClass) {
+          set(t, arrayBody(t, virtualTable, i), MethodClass, newClass);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    object methodTable = classMethodTable(t, newClass);
+    if (methodTable) {
+      for (unsigned i = 0; i < arrayLength(t, methodTable); ++i) {
+        set(t, arrayBody(t, methodTable, i), MethodClass, newClass);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 void
 updateBootstrapClass(Thread* t, object bootstrapClass, object class_)
 {
@@ -1364,7 +1419,10 @@ updateBootstrapClass(Thread* t, object bootstrapClass, object class_)
 
   // verify that the classes have the same layout
   expect(t, classSuper(t, bootstrapClass) == classSuper(t, class_));
-  expect(t, classFixedSize(t, bootstrapClass) == classFixedSize(t, class_));
+
+  expect(t, bootstrapClass == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::ClassType)
+         or classFixedSize(t, bootstrapClass) == classFixedSize(t, class_));
+
   expect(t,
          (classVmFlags(t, bootstrapClass) & ReferenceFlag)
          or (classObjectMask(t, bootstrapClass) == 0
@@ -1388,19 +1446,7 @@ updateBootstrapClass(Thread* t, object bootstrapClass, object class_)
   set(t, bootstrapClass, ClassMethodTable, classMethodTable(t, class_));
   set(t, bootstrapClass, ClassStaticTable, classStaticTable(t, class_));
 
-  object fieldTable = classFieldTable(t, class_);
-  if (fieldTable) {
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < arrayLength(t, fieldTable); ++i) {
-      set(t, arrayBody(t, fieldTable, i), FieldClass, bootstrapClass);
-    }
-  }
-
-  object methodTable = classMethodTable(t, class_);
-  if (methodTable) {
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < arrayLength(t, methodTable); ++i) {
-      set(t, arrayBody(t, methodTable, i), MethodClass, bootstrapClass);
-    }
-  }
+  updateClassTables(t, bootstrapClass, class_);
 }
 
 object
@@ -1408,7 +1454,10 @@ makeArrayClass(Thread* t, unsigned dimensions, object spec,
                object elementClass)
 {
   // todo: arrays should implement Cloneable and Serializable
-  return makeClass
+  object vtable = classVirtualTable
+    (t, arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::JobjectType));
+
+  return t->m->processor->makeClass
     (t,
      0,
      0,
@@ -1419,11 +1468,12 @@ makeArrayClass(Thread* t, unsigned dimensions, object spec,
      spec,
      arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::JobjectType),
      0,
-     classVirtualTable(t, arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::JobjectType)),
+     vtable,
      0,
      0,
      elementClass,
-     t->m->loader);
+     t->m->loader,
+     arrayLength(t, vtable));
 }
 
 object
@@ -1517,7 +1567,7 @@ invoke(Thread* t, const char* className, int argc, const char** argv)
 
 void
 bootClass(Thread* t, Machine::Type type, int superType, uint32_t objectMask,
-          unsigned fixedSize, unsigned arrayElementSize)
+          unsigned fixedSize, unsigned arrayElementSize, unsigned vtableLength)
 {
   object mask;
   if (objectMask) {
@@ -1529,9 +1579,9 @@ bootClass(Thread* t, Machine::Type type, int superType, uint32_t objectMask,
 
   object super = (superType >= 0 ? arrayBody(t, t->m->types, superType) : 0);
 
-  object class_ = makeClass
+  object class_ = t->m->processor->makeClass
     (t, 0, BootstrapFlag, 0, fixedSize, arrayElementSize, mask, 0, super, 0, 0,
-     0, 0, 0, t->m->loader);
+     0, 0, 0, t->m->loader, vtableLength);
 
   set(t, t->m->types, ArrayBody + (type * BytesPerWord), class_);
 }
@@ -2517,7 +2567,7 @@ parseClass(Thread* t, const uint8_t* data, unsigned size)
    public:
     Client(Thread* t): t(t) { }
 
-    virtual void NO_RETURN handleEOS() {
+    virtual void NO_RETURN handleError() {
       abort(t);
     }
 
@@ -2545,19 +2595,21 @@ parseClass(Thread* t, const uint8_t* data, unsigned size)
                             0, // fixed size
                             0, // array size
                             0, // object mask
-                            arrayBody(t, pool, name - 1),
+                            singletonObject(t, pool, name - 1),
                             0, // super
                             0, // interfaces
                             0, // vtable
                             0, // fields
                             0, // methods
                             0, // static table
-                            t->m->loader);
+                            t->m->loader,
+                            0, // vtable length
+                            false);
   PROTECT(t, class_);
   
   unsigned super = s.read2();
   if (super) {
-    object sc = resolveClass(t, arrayBody(t, pool, super - 1));
+    object sc = resolveClass(t, singletonObject(t, pool, super - 1));
     if (UNLIKELY(t->exception)) return 0;
 
     set(t, class_, ClassSuper, sc);
@@ -2575,7 +2627,30 @@ parseClass(Thread* t, const uint8_t* data, unsigned size)
   parseMethodTable(t, s, class_, pool);
   if (UNLIKELY(t->exception)) return 0;
 
-  return class_;
+  object vtable = classVirtualTable(t, class_);
+  unsigned vtableLength = (vtable ? arrayLength(t, vtable) : 0);
+
+  object real = t->m->processor->makeClass
+    (t,
+     classFlags(t, class_),
+     classVmFlags(t, class_),
+     classArrayDimensions(t, class_),
+     classFixedSize(t, class_),
+     classArrayElementSize(t, class_),
+     classObjectMask(t, class_),
+     className(t, class_),
+     classSuper(t, class_),
+     classInterfaceTable(t, class_),
+     classVirtualTable(t, class_),
+     classFieldTable(t, class_),
+     classMethodTable(t, class_),
+     classStaticTable(t, class_),
+     classLoader(t, class_),
+     vtableLength);
+
+  updateClassTables(t, real, class_);
+
+  return real;
 }
 
 object
@@ -2616,7 +2691,9 @@ resolveClass(Thread* t, object spec)
 
         if (LIKELY(t->exception == 0)) {
           if (Verbose) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "done parsing %s\n", &byteArrayBody(t, spec, 0));
+            fprintf(stderr, "done parsing %s: %p\n",
+                    &byteArrayBody(t, spec, 0),
+                    class_);
           }
 
           object bootstrapClass = hashMapFind
diff --git a/src/machine.h b/src/machine.h
index f6bbb6181a..0e16fa85f3 100644
--- a/src/machine.h
+++ b/src/machine.h
@@ -2188,6 +2188,79 @@ methodVirtual(Thread* t, object method)
     and byteArrayBody(t, methodName(t, method), 0) != '<';
 }
 
+inline unsigned
+singletonMaskSize(unsigned count)
+{
+  if (count) {
+    return ceiling(count + 2, BitsPerWord);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline unsigned
+singletonMaskSize(Thread* t, object singleton)
+{
+  unsigned length = singletonLength(t, singleton);
+  if (length) {
+    return ceiling(length + 2, BitsPerWord + 1);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline unsigned
+singletonCount(Thread* t, object singleton)
+{
+  return singletonLength(t, singleton) - singletonMaskSize(t, singleton);
+}
+
+inline uint32_t*
+singletonMask(Thread* t, object singleton)
+{
+  assert(t, singletonLength(t, singleton));
+  return reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>
+    (&singletonBody(t, singleton, singletonCount(t, singleton)));
+}
+
+inline void
+singletonMarkObject(Thread* t, object singleton, unsigned index)
+{
+  singletonMask(t, singleton)[(index + 2) / 32]
+    |= (static_cast<uint32_t>(1) << ((index + 2) % 32));
+}
+
+inline bool
+singletonIsObject(Thread* t, object singleton, unsigned index)
+{
+  assert(t, index < singletonCount(t, singleton));
+
+  return (singletonMask(t, singleton)[(index + 2) / 32]
+          & (static_cast<uint32_t>(1) << ((index + 2) % 32))) != 0;
+}
+
+inline object
+singletonObject(Thread* t, object singleton, unsigned index)
+{
+  assert(t, singletonIsObject(t, singleton, index));
+  return reinterpret_cast<object>(singletonBody(t, singleton, index));
+}
+
+inline uintptr_t&
+singletonValue(Thread* t, object singleton, unsigned index)
+{
+  assert(t, not singletonIsObject(t, singleton, index));
+  return singletonBody(t, singleton, index);
+}
+
+inline object
+makeSingleton(Thread* t, unsigned count)
+{
+  object o = makeSingleton(t, count + singletonMaskSize(count), true);
+  if (count) {
+    singletonMask(t, o)[0] = 1;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
 } // namespace vm
 
 #endif//MACHINE_H
diff --git a/src/process.h b/src/process.h
index 3f0c96355a..c43445dff6 100644
--- a/src/process.h
+++ b/src/process.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ resolveClassInObject(Thread* t, object container, unsigned classOffset)
 inline object
 resolveClassInPool(Thread* t, object pool, unsigned index)
 {
-  object o = arrayBody(t, pool, index);
+  object o = singletonObject(t, pool, index);
   if (objectClass(t, o) == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::ByteArrayType))
   {
     PROTECT(t, pool);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ resolveClassInPool(Thread* t, object pool, unsigned index)
     o = resolveClass(t, o);
     if (UNLIKELY(t->exception)) return 0;
     
-    set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (index * BytesPerWord), o);
+    set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (index * BytesPerWord), o);
   }
   return o; 
 }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ resolve(Thread* t, object pool, unsigned index,
         object (*find)(vm::Thread*, object, object, object),
         object (*makeError)(vm::Thread*, object))
 {
-  object o = arrayBody(t, pool, index);
+  object o = singletonObject(t, pool, index);
   if (objectClass(t, o) == arrayBody(t, t->m->types, Machine::ReferenceType))
   {
     PROTECT(t, pool);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ resolve(Thread* t, object pool, unsigned index,
        find, makeError);
     if (UNLIKELY(t->exception)) return 0;
     
-    set(t, pool, ArrayBody + (index * BytesPerWord), o);
+    set(t, pool, SingletonBody + (index * BytesPerWord), o);
   }
 
   return o;
diff --git a/src/processor.h b/src/processor.h
index 82db1b9e04..1274a00a93 100644
--- a/src/processor.h
+++ b/src/processor.h
@@ -15,10 +15,35 @@ class Processor {
   makeThread(Machine* m, object javaThread, Thread* parent) = 0;
 
   virtual object
-  methodStub(Thread* t) = 0;
+  makeMethod(Thread* t,
+             uint8_t vmFlags,
+             uint8_t returnCode,
+             uint8_t parameterCount,
+             uint8_t parameterFootprint,
+             uint16_t flags,
+             uint16_t offset,
+             object name,
+             object spec,
+             object class_,
+             object code) = 0;
 
   virtual object
-  nativeInvoker(Thread* t) = 0;
+  makeClass(Thread* t,
+            uint16_t flags,
+            uint8_t vmFlags,
+            uint8_t arrayDimensions,
+            uint16_t fixedSize,
+            uint16_t arrayElementSize,
+            object objectMask,
+            object name,
+            object super,
+            object interfaceTable,
+            object virtualTable,
+            object fieldTable,
+            object methodTable,
+            object staticTable,
+            object loader,
+            unsigned vtableLength) = 0;
 
   virtual unsigned
   parameterFootprint(Thread* t, const char* spec, bool static_) = 0;
diff --git a/src/stream.h b/src/stream.h
index 29e1beedb7..96c23fb594 100644
--- a/src/stream.h
+++ b/src/stream.h
@@ -10,27 +10,35 @@ class Stream {
   class Client {
    public:
     virtual ~Client() { }
-    virtual void NO_RETURN handleEOS() = 0;
+    virtual void NO_RETURN handleError() = 0;
   };
 
   Stream(Client* client, const uint8_t* data, unsigned size):
-    client(client), data(data), size(size), position(0)
+    client(client), data(data), size(size), position_(0)
   { }
 
+  unsigned position() {
+    return position_;
+  }
+
+  void setPosition(unsigned p) {
+    position_ = p;
+  }
+
   void skip(unsigned size) {
-    if (size > this->size - position) {
-      client->handleEOS();
+    if (size > this->size - position_) {
+      client->handleError();
     } else {
-      position += size;
+      position_ += size;
     }
   }
 
   void read(uint8_t* data, unsigned size) {
-    if (size > this->size - position) {
-      client->handleEOS();
+    if (size > this->size - position_) {
+      client->handleError();
     } else {
-      memcpy(data, this->data + position, size);
-      position += size;
+      memcpy(data, this->data + position_, size);
+      position_ += size;
     }
   }
 
@@ -70,7 +78,7 @@ class Stream {
   Client* client;
   const uint8_t* data;
   unsigned size;
-  unsigned position;
+  unsigned position_;
 };
 
 } // namespace vm
diff --git a/src/type-generator.cpp b/src/type-generator.cpp
index bae321a994..949af6678b 100644
--- a/src/type-generator.cpp
+++ b/src/type-generator.cpp
@@ -1351,6 +1351,12 @@ parseJavaClass(Object* type, Stream* s, Object* declarations)
     }
   }
 
+  if (equal(typeJavaName(type), "java/lang/Class")) {
+    // add inline vtable
+    addMember(type, Array::make
+              (type, 0, "void*", "vtable", sizeOf("void*", 0)));
+  }
+
   if (typeSuper(type)) {
     for (Object* p = typeMethods(typeSuper(type)); p; p = cdr(p)) {
       addMethod(type, car(p));
@@ -2114,6 +2120,9 @@ writeInitialization(Output* out, Object* type)
   out->write(", ");
 
   out->write(typeArrayElementSize(type));
+  out->write(", ");
+
+  out->write(methodCount(type));
   out->write(");\n");
 }