diff --git a/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/CordaRPCClientTest.kt b/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/CordaRPCClientTest.kt
index 8ce0228f31..153fb670fd 100644
--- a/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/CordaRPCClientTest.kt
+++ b/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/CordaRPCClientTest.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package net.corda.client
 
 import net.corda.core.contracts.DOLLARS
-import net.corda.core.contracts.issuedBy
 import net.corda.core.flows.FlowException
 import net.corda.core.getOrThrow
 import net.corda.core.messaging.startFlow
@@ -85,10 +84,7 @@ class CordaRPCClientTest : NodeBasedTest() {
     fun `FlowException thrown by flow`() {
         client.start(rpcUser.username, rpcUser.password)
         val proxy = client.proxy()
-        val handle = proxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow,
-                100.DOLLARS.issuedBy(node.info.legalIdentity.ref(1)),
-                node.info.legalIdentity
-        )
+        val handle = proxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, 100.DOLLARS, node.info.legalIdentity)
         // TODO Restrict this to CashException once RPC serialisation has been fixed
         assertThatExceptionOfType(FlowException::class.java).isThrownBy {
             handle.returnValue.getOrThrow()
diff --git a/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/NodeMonitorModelTest.kt b/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/NodeMonitorModelTest.kt
index b6adeb68eb..54b0678774 100644
--- a/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/NodeMonitorModelTest.kt
+++ b/client/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/client/NodeMonitorModelTest.kt
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import net.corda.client.model.NodeMonitorModel
 import net.corda.client.model.ProgressTrackingEvent
 import net.corda.core.bufferUntilSubscribed
 import net.corda.core.contracts.Amount
-import net.corda.core.contracts.Issued
-import net.corda.core.contracts.PartyAndReference
+import net.corda.core.contracts.DOLLARS
 import net.corda.core.contracts.USD
 import net.corda.core.flows.StateMachineRunId
 import net.corda.core.getOrThrow
@@ -123,17 +122,8 @@ class NodeMonitorModelTest : DriverBasedTest() {
 
     @Test
     fun `cash issue and move`() {
-        rpc.startFlow(::CashIssueFlow,
-                Amount(100, USD),
-                OpaqueBytes(ByteArray(1, { 1 })),
-                aliceNode.legalIdentity,
-                notaryNode.notaryIdentity
-        ).returnValue.getOrThrow()
-
-        rpc.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow,
-                Amount(100, Issued(PartyAndReference(aliceNode.legalIdentity, OpaqueBytes(ByteArray(1, { 1 }))), USD)),
-                aliceNode.legalIdentity
-        )
+        rpc.startFlow(::CashIssueFlow, 100.DOLLARS, OpaqueBytes.of(1), aliceNode.legalIdentity, notaryNode.notaryIdentity).returnValue.getOrThrow()
+        rpc.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, 100.DOLLARS, aliceNode.legalIdentity).returnValue.getOrThrow()
 
         var issueSmId: StateMachineRunId? = null
         var moveSmId: StateMachineRunId? = null
diff --git a/client/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/client/mock/EventGenerator.kt b/client/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/client/mock/EventGenerator.kt
index c343878cc4..24ea8a09f6 100644
--- a/client/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/client/mock/EventGenerator.kt
+++ b/client/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/client/mock/EventGenerator.kt
@@ -73,11 +73,9 @@ class EventGenerator(
             }
 
     val moveCashGenerator =
-            amountIssuedGenerator.combine(
-                    partyGenerator
-            ) { amountIssued, recipient ->
+            amountIssuedGenerator.combine(partyGenerator) { amountIssued, recipient ->
                 CashFlowCommand.PayCash(
-                        amount = amountIssued,
+                        amount = amountIssued.withoutIssuer(),
                         recipient = recipient
                 )
             }
diff --git a/core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/FungibleAsset.kt b/core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/FungibleAsset.kt
index 50651b1ea0..8b346bb185 100644
--- a/core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/FungibleAsset.kt
+++ b/core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/contracts/FungibleAsset.kt
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ package net.corda.core.contracts
 import net.corda.core.crypto.CompositeKey
 import net.corda.core.flows.FlowException
 
-class InsufficientBalanceException(val amountMissing: Amount<*>) : FlowException() {
-    override fun toString() = "Insufficient balance, missing $amountMissing"
-}
+class InsufficientBalanceException(val amountMissing: Amount<*>) : FlowException("Insufficient balance, missing $amountMissing")
 
 /**
  * Interface for contract states representing assets which are fungible, countable and issued by a
diff --git a/docs/source/example-code/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/docs/IntegrationTestingTutorial.kt b/docs/source/example-code/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/docs/IntegrationTestingTutorial.kt
index a5dd4b4640..2be6b47c58 100644
--- a/docs/source/example-code/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/docs/IntegrationTestingTutorial.kt
+++ b/docs/source/example-code/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/docs/IntegrationTestingTutorial.kt
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture
 import net.corda.contracts.asset.Cash
 import net.corda.core.contracts.DOLLARS
-import net.corda.core.contracts.issuedBy
 import net.corda.core.getOrThrow
 import net.corda.core.messaging.startFlow
 import net.corda.core.node.services.ServiceInfo
 import net.corda.core.node.services.Vault
 import net.corda.core.serialization.OpaqueBytes
-import net.corda.core.toFuture
 import net.corda.flows.CashIssueFlow
 import net.corda.flows.CashPaymentFlow
 import net.corda.node.driver.driver
@@ -92,10 +90,7 @@ class IntegrationTestingTutorial {
 
             // START 5
             for (i in 1 .. 10) {
-                bobProxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow,
-                        i.DOLLARS.issuedBy(alice.nodeInfo.legalIdentity.ref(issueRef)),
-                        alice.nodeInfo.legalIdentity
-                ).returnValue.getOrThrow()
+                bobProxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, i.DOLLARS, alice.nodeInfo.legalIdentity).returnValue.getOrThrow()
             }
 
             aliceVaultUpdates.expectEvents {
diff --git a/docs/source/example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/ClientRpcTutorial.kt b/docs/source/example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/ClientRpcTutorial.kt
index 2e923502f1..2f26d671ee 100644
--- a/docs/source/example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/ClientRpcTutorial.kt
+++ b/docs/source/example-code/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/docs/ClientRpcTutorial.kt
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fun generateTransactions(proxy: CordaRPCOps) {
             ownedQuantity -= quantity
         } else if (ownedQuantity > 1000 && n < 0.7) {
             val quantity = Math.abs(random.nextLong() % Math.min(ownedQuantity, 2000))
-            proxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, Amount(quantity, Issued(meAndRef, USD)), me)
+            proxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, Amount(quantity, USD), me)
         } else {
             val quantity = Math.abs(random.nextLong() % 1000)
             proxy.startFlow(::CashIssueFlow, Amount(quantity, USD), issueRef, me, notary)
diff --git a/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashFlowCommand.kt b/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashFlowCommand.kt
index 067d2f991d..bbb4788011 100644
--- a/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashFlowCommand.kt
+++ b/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashFlowCommand.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package net.corda.flows
 
 import net.corda.core.contracts.Amount
-import net.corda.core.contracts.Issued
 import net.corda.core.crypto.Party
 import net.corda.core.messaging.CordaRPCOps
 import net.corda.core.messaging.FlowHandle
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ import net.corda.core.transactions.SignedTransaction
 import java.util.*
 
 /**
- * A command to initiate the Cash flow with.
+ * A command to initiate the cash flow with.
  */
 sealed class CashFlowCommand {
     abstract fun startFlow(proxy: CordaRPCOps): FlowHandle<SignedTransaction>
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ sealed class CashFlowCommand {
      * @param amount the amount of currency to issue on to the ledger.
      * @param recipient the party to issue the cash to.
      */
-    class PayCash(val amount: Amount<Issued<Currency>>, val recipient: Party) : CashFlowCommand() {
+    class PayCash(val amount: Amount<Currency>, val recipient: Party, val issuerConstraint: Party? = null) : CashFlowCommand() {
         override fun startFlow(proxy: CordaRPCOps) = proxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, amount, recipient)
     }
 
diff --git a/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashPaymentFlow.kt b/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashPaymentFlow.kt
index d78f310177..5ec7052c07 100644
--- a/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashPaymentFlow.kt
+++ b/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CashPaymentFlow.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package net.corda.flows
 
 import co.paralleluniverse.fibers.Suspendable
-import net.corda.core.contracts.*
+import net.corda.core.contracts.Amount
+import net.corda.core.contracts.InsufficientBalanceException
+import net.corda.core.contracts.TransactionType
 import net.corda.core.crypto.Party
 import net.corda.core.crypto.keys
 import net.corda.core.crypto.toStringShort
@@ -12,13 +14,19 @@ import java.security.KeyPair
 import java.util.*
 
 /**
- * Initiates a flow that produces an cash move transaction.
+ * Initiates a flow that sends cash to a recipient.
  *
  * @param amount the amount of a currency to pay to the recipient.
  * @param recipient the party to pay the currency to.
+ * @param issuerConstraint if specified, the payment will be made using only cash issued by the given parties.
  */
-open class CashPaymentFlow(val amount: Amount<Issued<Currency>>, val recipient: Party, progressTracker: ProgressTracker) : AbstractCashFlow(progressTracker) {
-    constructor(amount: Amount<Issued<Currency>>, recipient: Party) : this(amount, recipient, tracker())
+open class CashPaymentFlow(
+        val amount: Amount<Currency>,
+        val recipient: Party,
+        progressTracker: ProgressTracker,
+        val issuerConstraint: Set<Party>? = null) : AbstractCashFlow(progressTracker) {
+    /** A straightforward constructor that constructs spends using cash states of any issuer. */
+    constructor(amount: Amount<Currency>, recipient: Party) : this(amount, recipient, tracker())
 
     @Suspendable
     override fun call(): SignedTransaction {
@@ -28,11 +36,11 @@ open class CashPaymentFlow(val amount: Amount<Issued<Currency>>, val recipient:
         val (spendTX, keysForSigning) = try {
             serviceHub.vaultService.generateSpend(
                     builder,
-                    amount.withoutIssuer(),
+                    amount,
                     recipient.owningKey,
-                    setOf(amount.token.issuer.party))
+                    issuerConstraint)
         } catch (e: InsufficientBalanceException) {
-            throw CashException("Insufficient cash for spend", e)
+            throw CashException("Insufficient cash for spend: ${e.message}", e)
         }
 
         progressTracker.currentStep = SIGNING_TX
diff --git a/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/IssuerFlow.kt b/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/IssuerFlow.kt
index 61662a9c20..be160dc427 100644
--- a/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/IssuerFlow.kt
+++ b/finance/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/IssuerFlow.kt
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ object IssuerFlow {
                 return issueTx
             // now invoke Cash subflow to Move issued assetType to issue requester
             progressTracker.currentStep = TRANSFERRING
-            val moveCashFlow = CashPaymentFlow(amount.issuedBy(bankOfCordaParty.ref(issuerPartyRef)), issueTo)
+            val moveCashFlow = CashPaymentFlow(amount, issueTo)
             val moveTx = subFlow(moveCashFlow)
             // NOTE: CashFlow PayCash calls FinalityFlow which performs a Broadcast (which stores a local copy of the txn to the ledger)
             return moveTx
diff --git a/node/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/DistributedServiceTests.kt b/node/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/DistributedServiceTests.kt
index 181e3ea6e1..5dbd4cf616 100644
--- a/node/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/DistributedServiceTests.kt
+++ b/node/src/integration-test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/DistributedServiceTests.kt
@@ -144,9 +144,7 @@ class DistributedServiceTests : DriverBasedTest() {
     }
 
     private fun paySelf(amount: Amount<Currency>) {
-        val payHandle = aliceProxy.startFlow(
-                ::CashPaymentFlow,
-                amount.issuedBy(alice.nodeInfo.legalIdentity.ref(0)), alice.nodeInfo.legalIdentity)
+        val payHandle = aliceProxy.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, amount, alice.nodeInfo.legalIdentity)
         payHandle.returnValue.getOrThrow()
     }
 }
diff --git a/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/CordaRPCOpsImplTest.kt b/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/CordaRPCOpsImplTest.kt
index 8f0df1e30b..13de1d560c 100644
--- a/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/CordaRPCOpsImplTest.kt
+++ b/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/CordaRPCOpsImplTest.kt
@@ -126,10 +126,7 @@ class CordaRPCOpsImplTest {
 
         network.runNetwork()
 
-        rpc.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow,
-                Amount(100, Issued(PartyAndReference(aliceNode.info.legalIdentity, OpaqueBytes(ByteArray(1, { 1 }))), USD)),
-                aliceNode.info.legalIdentity
-        )
+        rpc.startFlow(::CashPaymentFlow, Amount(100, USD), aliceNode.info.legalIdentity)
 
         network.runNetwork()
 
diff --git a/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/statemachine/StateMachineManagerTests.kt b/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/statemachine/StateMachineManagerTests.kt
index 4c9916bb91..0909c6ac83 100644
--- a/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/statemachine/StateMachineManagerTests.kt
+++ b/node/src/test/kotlin/net/corda/node/services/statemachine/StateMachineManagerTests.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture
 import net.corda.core.*
 import net.corda.core.contracts.DOLLARS
 import net.corda.core.contracts.DummyState
-import net.corda.core.contracts.issuedBy
 import net.corda.core.crypto.Party
 import net.corda.core.crypto.generateKeyPair
 import net.corda.core.flows.FlowException
@@ -326,9 +325,7 @@ class StateMachineManagerTests {
                 notary1.info.notaryIdentity))
         // We pay a couple of times, the notary picking should go round robin
         for (i in 1 .. 3) {
-            node1.services.startFlow(CashPaymentFlow(
-                    500.DOLLARS.issuedBy(node1.info.legalIdentity.ref(0x01)),
-                    node2.info.legalIdentity))
+            node1.services.startFlow(CashPaymentFlow(500.DOLLARS, node2.info.legalIdentity))
             net.runNetwork()
         }
         val endpoint = net.messagingNetwork.endpoint(notary1.net.myAddress as InMemoryMessagingNetwork.PeerHandle)!!
diff --git a/tools/explorer/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/explorer/views/cordapps/cash/NewTransaction.kt b/tools/explorer/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/explorer/views/cordapps/cash/NewTransaction.kt
index 31cbcf5ca1..feb6fe2794 100644
--- a/tools/explorer/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/explorer/views/cordapps/cash/NewTransaction.kt
+++ b/tools/explorer/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/explorer/views/cordapps/cash/NewTransaction.kt
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import net.corda.client.fxutils.map
 import net.corda.client.fxutils.unique
 import net.corda.client.model.*
 import net.corda.core.contracts.Amount
-import net.corda.core.contracts.Issued
-import net.corda.core.contracts.PartyAndReference
 import net.corda.core.contracts.withoutIssuer
 import net.corda.core.crypto.AbstractParty
 import net.corda.core.crypto.Party
@@ -148,7 +146,7 @@ class NewTransaction : Fragment() {
                     CashTransaction.Issue -> {
                         CashFlowCommand.IssueCash(Amount(amount.value, currencyChoiceBox.value), issueRef, partyBChoiceBox.value.legalIdentity, notaries.first().notaryIdentity)
                     }
-                    CashTransaction.Pay -> CashFlowCommand.PayCash(Amount(amount.value, Issued(PartyAndReference(issuerChoiceBox.value, issueRef), currencyChoiceBox.value)), partyBChoiceBox.value.legalIdentity)
+                    CashTransaction.Pay -> CashFlowCommand.PayCash(Amount(amount.value, currencyChoiceBox.value), partyBChoiceBox.value.legalIdentity)
                     CashTransaction.Exit -> CashFlowCommand.ExitCash(Amount(amount.value, currencyChoiceBox.value), issueRef)
                     else -> null
                 }
diff --git a/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/CrossCashTest.kt b/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/CrossCashTest.kt
index d397985b79..4f7e375314 100644
--- a/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/CrossCashTest.kt
+++ b/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/CrossCashTest.kt
@@ -3,16 +3,13 @@ package net.corda.loadtest.tests
 import net.corda.client.mock.Generator
 import net.corda.client.mock.pickN
 import net.corda.contracts.asset.Cash
-import net.corda.core.*
 import net.corda.core.contracts.Issued
 import net.corda.core.contracts.PartyAndReference
 import net.corda.core.contracts.USD
 import net.corda.core.crypto.AbstractParty
-import net.corda.core.crypto.AnonymousParty
-import net.corda.core.flows.FlowException
-import net.corda.core.messaging.startFlow
+import net.corda.core.failure
 import net.corda.core.serialization.OpaqueBytes
-import net.corda.flows.CashException
+import net.corda.core.success
 import net.corda.flows.CashFlowCommand
 import net.corda.loadtest.LoadTest
 import net.corda.loadtest.NodeHandle
@@ -125,7 +122,7 @@ val crossCashTest = LoadTest<CrossCashCommand, CrossCashState>(
                             val quantities = state.nodeVaults[node.info.legalIdentity] ?: mapOf()
                             val possibleRecipients = nodeMap.keys.toList()
                             val moves = quantities.map {
-                                it.value.toDouble() / 1000 to generateMove(it.value, USD, it.key.toAnonymous(), possibleRecipients)
+                                it.value.toDouble() / 1000 to generateMove(it.value, USD, node.info.legalIdentity, possibleRecipients)
                             }
                             val exits = quantities.mapNotNull {
                                 if (it.key == node.info.legalIdentity) {
@@ -160,26 +157,26 @@ val crossCashTest = LoadTest<CrossCashCommand, CrossCashState>(
                     val newDiffQueues = state.copyQueues()
                     val recipientOriginators = newDiffQueues.getOrPut(command.command.recipient, { HashMap() })
                     val senderQuantities = newNodeVaults[command.node.info.legalIdentity]!!
-                    val quantity = command.command.amount.quantity
-                    val issuer = command.command.amount.token.issuer.party
+                    val amount = command.command.amount
+                    val issuer = command.command.issuerConstraint!!
                     val originator = command.node.info.legalIdentity
                     val senderQuantity = senderQuantities[issuer] ?: throw Exception(
                             "Generated payment of ${command.command.amount} from ${command.node.info.legalIdentity}, " +
                                     "however there is no cash from $issuer!"
                     )
-                    if (senderQuantity < quantity) {
+                    if (senderQuantity < amount.quantity) {
                         throw Exception(
                                 "Generated payment of ${command.command.amount} from ${command.node.info.legalIdentity}, " +
                                         "however they only have $senderQuantity!"
                         )
                     }
-                    if (senderQuantity == quantity) {
+                    if (senderQuantity == amount.quantity) {
                         senderQuantities.remove(issuer)
                     } else {
-                        senderQuantities.put(issuer, senderQuantity - quantity)
+                        senderQuantities.put(issuer, senderQuantity - amount.quantity)
                     }
                     val recipientQueue = recipientOriginators.getOrPut(originator, { ArrayList() })
-                    recipientQueue.add(Pair(issuer, quantity))
+                    recipientQueue.add(Pair(issuer, amount.quantity))
                     CrossCashState(newNodeVaults, newDiffQueues)
                 }
                 is CashFlowCommand.ExitCash -> {
diff --git a/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/GenerateHelpers.kt b/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/GenerateHelpers.kt
index 34a324b95a..38c0d33639 100644
--- a/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/GenerateHelpers.kt
+++ b/tools/loadtest/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/loadtest/tests/GenerateHelpers.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import net.corda.client.mock.generateAmount
 import net.corda.client.mock.pickOne
 import net.corda.core.contracts.Issued
 import net.corda.core.contracts.PartyAndReference
-import net.corda.core.crypto.AnonymousParty
+import net.corda.core.contracts.withoutIssuer
 import net.corda.core.crypto.Party
 import net.corda.core.serialization.OpaqueBytes
 import net.corda.flows.CashFlowCommand
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ fun generateIssue(
 fun generateMove(
         max: Long,
         currency: Currency,
-        issuer: AnonymousParty,
+        issuer: Party,
         possibleRecipients: List<Party>
 ): Generator<CashFlowCommand.PayCash> {
     return generateAmount(1, max, Generator.pure(Issued(PartyAndReference(issuer, OpaqueBytes.of(0)), currency))).combine(
             Generator.pickOne(possibleRecipients)
     ) { amount, recipient ->
-        CashFlowCommand.PayCash(amount, recipient)
+        CashFlowCommand.PayCash(amount.withoutIssuer(), recipient, issuer)
     }
 }