2017-06-05 12:37:23 +00:00
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Oracles
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=======
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.. topic:: Summary
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* *A fact can be included in a transaction as part of a command*
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* *An oracle is a service that will only sign the transaction if the included fact is true*
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2018-06-13 08:43:16 +00:00
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.. only:: htmlmode
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Video
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-----
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.. raw:: html
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<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/214157956" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<p></p>
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2017-06-07 15:14:01 +00:00
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Overview
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--------
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2017-06-05 12:37:23 +00:00
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In many cases, a transaction's contractual validity depends on some external piece of data, such as the current
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exchange rate. However, if we were to let each participant evaluate the transaction's validity based on their own
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view of the current exchange rate, the contract's execution would be non-deterministic: some signers would consider the
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transaction valid, while others would consider it invalid. As a result, disagreements would arise over the true state
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of the ledger.
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Corda addresses this issue using *oracles*. Oracles are network services that, upon request, provide commands
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that encapsulate a specific fact (e.g. the exchange rate at time x) and list the oracle as a required signer.
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If a node wishes to use a given fact in a transaction, they request a command asserting this fact from the oracle. If
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the oracle considers the fact to be true, they send back the required command. The node then includes the command in
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their transaction, and the oracle will sign the transaction to assert that the fact is true.
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If they wish to monetize their services, oracles can choose to only sign a transaction and attest to the validity of
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the fact it contains for a fee.
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2017-06-07 15:14:01 +00:00
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Transaction tear-offs
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---------------------
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To sign a transaction, the only information the oracle needs to see is their embedded command. Providing any
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additional transaction data to the oracle would constitute a privacy leak. Similarly, a non-validating notary only
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needs to see a transaction's input states.
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To combat this, the transaction proposer(s) uses a Merkle tree to "tear off" any parts of the transaction that the
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oracle/notary doesn't need to see before presenting it to them for signing. A Merkle tree is a well-known cryptographic
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scheme that is commonly used to provide proofs of inclusion and data integrity. Merkle trees are widely used in
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peer-to-peer networks, blockchain systems and git.
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The advantage of a Merkle tree is that the parts of the transaction that were torn off when presenting the transaction
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to the oracle cannot later be changed without also invalidating the oracle's digital signature.
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Transaction Merkle trees
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A Merkle tree is constructed from a transaction by splitting the transaction into leaves, where each leaf contains
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either an input, an output, a command, or an attachment. The Merkle tree also contains the other fields of the
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2018-05-24 15:06:33 +00:00
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``WireTransaction``, such as the time-window, the notary, the type and the signers.
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2017-06-07 15:14:01 +00:00
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Next, the Merkle tree is built in the normal way by hashing the concatenation of nodes’ hashes below the current one
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together. It’s visible on the example image below, where ``H`` denotes sha256 function, "+" - concatenation.
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.. image:: resources/merkleTree.png
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2018-05-24 15:06:33 +00:00
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The transaction has two input states, one output state, one attachment, one command and a time-window. For brevity
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2017-06-07 15:14:01 +00:00
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we didn't include all leaves on the diagram (type, notary and signers are presented as one leaf labelled Rest - in
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reality they are separate leaves). Notice that if a tree is not a full binary tree, leaves are padded to the nearest
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power of 2 with zero hash (since finding a pre-image of sha256(x) == 0 is hard computational task) - marked light
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green above. Finally, the hash of the root is the identifier of the transaction, it's also used for signing and
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verification of data integrity. Every change in transaction on a leaf level will change its identifier.
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Hiding data
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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Hiding data and providing the proof that it formed a part of a transaction is done by constructing Partial Merkle Trees
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(or Merkle branches). A Merkle branch is a set of hashes, that given the leaves’ data, is used to calculate the
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root’s hash. Then that hash is compared with the hash of a whole transaction and if they match it means that data we
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obtained belongs to that particular transaction.
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.. image:: resources/partialMerkle.png
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In the example above, the node ``H(f)`` is the one holding command data for signing by Oracle service. Blue leaf
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2018-05-24 15:06:33 +00:00
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``H(g)`` is also included since it's holding time-window information. Nodes labelled ``Provided`` form the Partial
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Merkle Tree, black ones are omitted. Having time-window with the command that should be in a violet node place and
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2017-06-07 15:14:01 +00:00
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branch we are able to calculate root of this tree and compare it with original transaction identifier - we have a
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2018-05-24 15:06:33 +00:00
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proof that this command and time-window belong to this transaction.
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