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< h1 > Transaction tear-offs< a class = "headerlink" href = "#transaction-tear-offs" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > One of the basic data structures in our platform is a transaction. It can be passed around to be signed and verified,
also by third parties. The construction of transactions assumes that they form a whole entity with input and output states,
commands and attachments inside. However all sensitive data shouldn’
the creation of transaction on validation level (a good example of this situation is the Oracle which validates only
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embedded commands). How to achieve it in a way that convinces the other party the data they got for signing really did form
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a part of the transaction?< / p >
< p > We decided to use well known and described cryptographic scheme to provide proofs of inclusion and data integrity.
Merkle trees are widely used in peer-to-peer networks, blockchain systems and git.
You can read more on the concept < a class = "reference external" href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree" > here< / a > .< / p >
< div class = "section" id = "merkle-trees-in-corda" >
< h2 > Merkle trees in Corda< a class = "headerlink" href = "#merkle-trees-in-corda" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Transactions are split into leaves, each of them contains either input, output, command or attachment. Other fields like
timestamp or signers are not used in the calculation.
Next, the Merkle tree is built in the normal way by hashing the concatenation
of nodes’ ’ < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > H< / span > < / code > denotes sha256 function,
“ +” - concatenation.< / p >
< img alt = "_images/merkleTree.png" src = "_images/merkleTree.png" / >
< p > The transaction has one input state, one output and three commands. If a tree is not a full binary tree, the rightmost nodes are
duplicated in hash calculation (dotted lines).< / p >
< p > Finally, the hash of the root is the identifier of the transaction, it’ s also used for signing and verification of data integrity.
Every change in transaction on a leaf level will change its identifier.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "hiding-data" >
< h2 > Hiding data< a class = "headerlink" href = "#hiding-data" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Hiding data and providing the proof that it formed a part of a transaction is done by constructing Partial Merkle Trees
(or Merkle branches). A Merkle branch is a set of hashes, that given the leaves’ ’
Then that hash is compared with the hash of a whole transaction and if they match it means that data we obtained belongs
to that particular transaction.< / p >
< img alt = "_images/partialMerkle.png" src = "_images/partialMerkle.png" / >
< p > In the example above, the red node is the one holding data for signing Oracle service. Blue nodes’ hashes form the Partial Merkle
Tree, dotted ones are not included. Having the command that should be in a red node place and branch we are able to calculate
root of this tree and compare it with original transaction identifier - we have a proof that this command belongs to this transaction.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "example-of-usage" >
< h2 > Example of usage< a class = "headerlink" href = "#example-of-usage" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Let’
< a class = "reference internal" href = "oracles.html" > < span class = "doc" > Writing oracle services< / span > < / a > .
After construction of a partial transaction, with included < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > Fix< / span > < / code > commands in it, we want to send it to the Oracle for checking
and signing. To do so we need to specify which parts of the transaction are going to be revealed. That can be done by constructing
filtering functions for inputs, outputs, attachments and commands separately. If a function is not provided by default none
of the elements from this group will be included in a Partial Merkle Tree.< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > partialTx< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "p" > ...< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > oracle< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > Party< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "p" > ...< / span >
< span class = "k" > fun< / span > < span class = "nf" > filterCommands< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > c< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > Command< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > oracle< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > owningKey< / span > < span class = "k" > in< / span > < span class = "n" > c< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > signers< / span > < span class = "p" > & & < / span > < span class = "n" > c< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > value< / span > < span class = "k" > is< / span > < span class = "n" > Fix< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > filterFuns< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > FilterFuns< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > filterCommands< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "o" > ::< / span > < span class = "n" > filterCommands< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > Assuming that we already assembled partialTx with some commands and know the identity of Oracle service,
we pass filtering function over commands - < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > filterCommands< / span > < / code > to < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > FilterFuns< / span > < / code > . It filters only
commands of type < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > Fix< / span > < / code > as in IRSDemo example. Then we can construct < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > FilteredTransaction< / span > < / code > :< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > wtx< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > WireTransaction< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > partialTx< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > toWireTransaction< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > ftx< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > FilteredTransaction< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > buildMerkleTransaction< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > wtx< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > filterFuns< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > In the Oracle example this step takes place in < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > RatesFixFlow< / span > < / code > :< / p >
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< div class = "codeset container" >
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< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > flow< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > RatesFixFlow< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > partialTx< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > filterFuns< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > oracle< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > fixOf< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " 0.675" < / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > bd< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " 0.1" < / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > bd< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > FilteredTransaction< / span > < / code > holds < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > filteredLeaves< / span > < / code > (data that we wanted to reveal) and Merkle branch for them.< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "c1" > // Getting included commands, inputs, outputs, attachments.< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > cmds< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > List< / span > < span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > Command< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ftx< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > filteredLeaves< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > commands< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > ins< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > List< / span > < span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > StateRef< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ftx< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > filteredLeaves< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > inputs< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > outs< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > List< / span > < span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > TransactionState< / span > < span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > ContractState< / span > < span class = "p" > > > < / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ftx< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > filteredLeaves< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > outputs< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > attchs< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > List< / span > < span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > SecureHash< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ftx< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > filteredLeaves< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > attachments< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
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< p > If you want to verify obtained < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > FilteredTransaction< / span > < / code > all you need is the root hash of the full transaction:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "p" > (!< / span > < span class = "n" > ftx< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > verify< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > merkleRoot< / span > < span class = "p" > )){< / span >
< span class = "k" > throw< / span > < span class = "n" > MerkleTreeException< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Rate Fix Oracle: Couldn' t verify partial Merkle tree." < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
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< p class = "first admonition-title" > Note< / p >
< p class = "last" > The way the < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > FilteredTransaction< / span > < / code > is constructed ensures that after signing of the root hash it’ s impossible to add or remove
leaves. However, it can happen that having transaction with multiple commands one party reveals only subset of them to the Oracle.
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As signing is done now over the Merkle root hash, the service signs all commands of given type, even though it didn’ t see
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all of them. This issue will be handled after implementing partial signatures.< / p >
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