corda/src/x86.cpp

/* Copyright (c) 2008, Avian Contributors

   Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software
   for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided
   that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear
   in all copies.

   There is NO WARRANTY for this software.  See license.txt for
   details. */

#include "assembler.h"
#include "vector.h"

using namespace vm;

#define INDEX1(a, b) ((a) + (UnaryOperationCount * (b)))

#define CAST1(x) reinterpret_cast<UnaryOperationType>(x)

#define INDEX2(a, b, c) \
  ((a) \
   + (BinaryOperationCount * (b)) \
   + (BinaryOperationCount * OperandTypeCount * (c)))

#define CAST2(x) reinterpret_cast<BinaryOperationType>(x)

namespace {

enum {
  rax = 0,
  rcx = 1,
  rdx = 2,
  rbx = 3,
  rsp = 4,
  rbp = 5,
  rsi = 6,
  rdi = 7,
  r8 = 8,
  r9 = 9,
  r10 = 10,
  r11 = 11,
  r12 = 12,
  r13 = 13,
  r14 = 14,
  r15 = 15,
};

inline bool
isInt8(intptr_t v)
{
  return v == static_cast<int8_t>(v);
}

inline bool
isInt32(intptr_t v)
{
  return v == static_cast<int32_t>(v);
}

class Task;

class Context {
 public:
  Context(System* s, Allocator* a, Zone* zone):
    s(s), zone(zone), client(0), code(s, a, 1024), tasks(0), result(0)
  { }

  System* s;
  Zone* zone;
  Assembler::Client* client;
  Vector code;
  Task* tasks;
  uint8_t* result;
};

inline void NO_RETURN
abort(Context* c)
{
  abort(c->s);
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
inline void
assert(Context* c, bool v)
{
  assert(c->s, v);
}
#endif // not NDEBUG

inline void
expect(Context* c, bool v)
{
  expect(c->s, v);
}

ResolvedPromise*
resolved(Context* c, int64_t value)
{
  return new (c->zone->allocate(sizeof(ResolvedPromise)))
    ResolvedPromise(value);
}

class CodePromise: public Promise {
 public:
  CodePromise(Context* c, unsigned offset): c(c), offset(offset) { }

  virtual int64_t value() {
    if (resolved()) {
      return reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(c->result + offset);
    }
    
    abort(c);
  }

  virtual bool resolved() {
    return c->result != 0;
  }

  Context* c;
  unsigned offset;
};

CodePromise*
codePromise(Context* c, unsigned offset)
{
  return new (c->zone->allocate(sizeof(CodePromise))) CodePromise(c, offset);
}

class Task {
 public:
  Task(Task* next): next(next) { }

  virtual void run(Context* c) = 0;

  Task* next;
};

void
resolveOffset(System* s, uint8_t* instruction, unsigned instructionSize,
              int64_t value)
{
  intptr_t v = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(value)
    - instruction - instructionSize;
    
  expect(s, isInt32(v));
    
  int32_t v4 = v;
  memcpy(instruction + instructionSize - 4, &v4, 4);
}

class OffsetListener: public Promise::Listener {
 public:
  OffsetListener(System* s, uint8_t* instruction,
                 unsigned instructionSize):
    s(s),
    instruction(instruction),
    instructionSize(instructionSize)
  { }

  virtual void* resolve(int64_t value) {
    resolveOffset(s, instruction, instructionSize, value);
    return 0;
  }

  System* s;
  uint8_t* instruction;
  unsigned instructionSize;
};

class OffsetTask: public Task {
 public:
  OffsetTask(Task* next, Promise* promise, unsigned instructionOffset,
             unsigned instructionSize):
    Task(next),
    promise(promise),
    instructionOffset(instructionOffset),
    instructionSize(instructionSize)
  { }

  virtual void run(Context* c) {
    if (promise->resolved()) {
      resolveOffset
        (c->s, c->result + instructionOffset, instructionSize,
         promise->value());
    } else {
      new (promise->listen(sizeof(OffsetListener)))
        OffsetListener(c->s, c->result + instructionOffset, instructionSize);
    }
  }

  Promise* promise;
  unsigned instructionOffset;
  unsigned instructionSize;
};

void
appendOffsetTask(Context* c, Promise* promise, int instructionOffset,
                 unsigned instructionSize)
{
  c->tasks = new (c->zone->allocate(sizeof(OffsetTask))) OffsetTask
    (c->tasks, promise, instructionOffset, instructionSize);
}

void
copyWord(void* dst, int64_t src)
{
  intptr_t v = src;
  memcpy(dst, &v, BytesPerWord);
}

class ImmediateListener: public Promise::Listener {
 public:
  ImmediateListener(void* dst): dst(dst) { }

  virtual void* resolve(int64_t value) {
    copyWord(dst, value);
    return 0;
  }

  void* dst;
};

class ImmediateTask: public Task {
 public:
  ImmediateTask(Task* next, Promise* promise, unsigned offset):
    Task(next),
    promise(promise),
    offset(offset)
  { }

  virtual void run(Context* c) {
    if (promise->resolved()) {
      copyWord(c->result + offset, promise->value());
    } else {
      new (promise->listen(sizeof(ImmediateListener)))
        ImmediateListener(c->result + offset);
    }
  }

  Promise* promise;
  unsigned offset;
};

void
appendImmediateTask(Context* c, Promise* promise, unsigned offset)
{
  c->tasks = new (c->zone->allocate(sizeof(ImmediateTask))) ImmediateTask
    (c->tasks, promise, offset);
}

void
encode(Context* c, uint8_t* instruction, unsigned length, int a, int b,
       int32_t displacement, int index, unsigned scale)
{
  c->code.append(instruction, length);

  uint8_t width;
  if (displacement == 0 and b != rbp) {
    width = 0;
  } else if (isInt8(displacement)) {
    width = 0x40;
  } else {
    width = 0x80;
  }

  if (index == -1) {
    c->code.append(width | (a << 3) | b);
    if (b == rsp) {
      c->code.append(0x24);
    }
  } else {
    assert(c, b != rsp);
    c->code.append(width | (a << 3) | 4);
    c->code.append((log(scale) << 6) | (index << 3) | b);
  }

  if (displacement == 0 and b != rbp) {
    // do nothing
  } else if (isInt8(displacement)) {
    c->code.append(displacement);
  } else {
    c->code.append4(displacement);
  }
}

void
rex(Context* c, uint8_t mask, int r)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
    c->code.append(mask | ((r & 8) >> 3));
  }
}

void
rex(Context* c)
{
  rex(c, 0x48, rax);
}

void
encode(Context* c, uint8_t instruction, int a, Assembler::Memory* b, bool rex)
{
  if (rex) {
    ::rex(c);
  }

  encode(c, &instruction, 1, a, b->base, b->offset, b->index, b->scale);
}

void
encode2(Context* c, uint16_t instruction, int a, Assembler::Memory* b,
        bool rex)
{
  if (rex) {
    ::rex(c);
  }

  uint8_t i[2] = { instruction >> 8, instruction & 0xff };
  encode(c, i, 2, a, b->base, b->offset, b->index, b->scale);
}

typedef void (*OperationType)(Context*);
OperationType
Operations[OperationCount];

typedef void (*UnaryOperationType)(Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Operand*);
UnaryOperationType
UnaryOperations[UnaryOperationCount * OperandTypeCount];

typedef void (*BinaryOperationType)
(Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Operand*, Assembler::Operand*);
BinaryOperationType
BinaryOperations[BinaryOperationCount * OperandTypeCount * OperandTypeCount];

void
return_(Context* c)
{
  c->code.append(0xc3);
}

void
unconditional(Context* c, unsigned jump, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  appendOffsetTask(c, a->value, c->code.length(), 5);

  c->code.append(jump);
  c->code.append4(0);
}

void
conditional(Context* c, unsigned condition, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  appendOffsetTask(c, a->value, c->code.length(), 6);
  
  c->code.append(0x0f);
  c->code.append(condition);
  c->code.append4(0);
}

void
moveCR(Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Constant*, Assembler::Register*);

void
callR(Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Register*);

void
callC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  unconditional(c, 0xe8, a);
}

void
longCallC(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
    Assembler::Register r(r10);
    moveCR(c, size, a, &r);
    callR(c, size, &r);
  } else {
    callC(c, size, a);
  }
}

void
alignedCallC(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  while ((c->code.length() + 1) % 4) {
    c->code.append(0x90);
  }
  callC(c, size, a);
}

void
callR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Register* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  if (a->low & 8) rex(c, 0x40, a->low);
  c->code.append(0xff);
  c->code.append(0xd0 | (a->low & 7));
}

void
callM(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Memory* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  encode(c, 0xff, 2, a, false);
}

void
jumpR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Register* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  if (a->low & 8) rex(c, 0x40, a->low);
  c->code.append(0xff);
  c->code.append(0xe0 | (a->low & 7));
}

void
jumpC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  unconditional(c, 0xe9, a);
}

void
longJumpC(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
    Assembler::Register r(r10);
    moveCR(c, size, a, &r);
    jumpR(c, size, &r);
  } else {
    jumpC(c, size, a);
  }
}

void
jumpM(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Memory* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  encode(c, 0xff, 4, a, false);
}

void
jumpIfEqualC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  conditional(c, 0x84, a);
}

void
jumpIfNotEqualC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  conditional(c, 0x85, a);
}

void
jumpIfGreaterC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  conditional(c, 0x8f, a);
}

void
jumpIfGreaterOrEqualC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  conditional(c, 0x8d, a);
}

void
jumpIfLessC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  conditional(c, 0x8c, a);
}

void
jumpIfLessOrEqualC(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  assert(c, size == BytesPerWord);

  conditional(c, 0x8e, a);
}

void
pushR(Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Register*);

void
pushC(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    int64_t v = a->value->value();

    ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant al(&low);

    ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

    pushC(c, 4, &ah);
    pushC(c, 4, &al);
  } else {
    if (a->value->resolved()) {
      int64_t v = a->value->value();
      if (isInt8(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x6a);
        c->code.append(v);
      } else if (isInt32(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x68);
        c->code.append4(v);
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        pushR(c, size, &tmp);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
      }
    } else {
      if (BytesPerWord == 4) {
        c->code.append(0x68);
        appendImmediateTask(c, a->value, c->code.length());
        c->code.appendAddress(static_cast<uintptr_t>(0));
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        pushR(c, size, &tmp);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
      }
    }
  }
}

void
moveAR(Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Address*, Assembler::Register* b);

void
pushA(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Address* a)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4); // todo
  
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
  moveAR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  pushR(c, size, &tmp);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
pushR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);

    pushR(c, 4, &ah);
    pushR(c, 4, a);
  } else {
    c->code.append(0x50 | a->low);      
  }
}

void
pushM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Memory ah(a->base, a->offset + 4, a->index, a->scale);

    pushM(c, 4, &ah);
    pushM(c, 4, a);
  } else {
    assert(c, BytesPerWord == 4 or size == 8);

    encode(c, 0xff, 6, a, false);    
  }
}

void
move4To8RR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
           Assembler::Register* b);

void
popR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);

    popR(c, 4, a);
    popR(c, 4, &ah);
  } else {
    c->code.append(0x58 | a->low);
    if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size == 4) {
      move4To8RR(c, 0, a, a);
    }
  }
}

void
popM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Memory ah(a->base, a->offset + 4, a->index, a->scale);

    popM(c, 4, a);
    popM(c, 4, &ah);
  } else {
    assert(c, BytesPerWord == 4 or size == 8);

    encode(c, 0x8f, 0, a, false);
  }
}

void
addCarryCR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  if (isInt8(v)) {
    c->code.append(0x83);
    c->code.append(0xd0 | b->low);
    c->code.append(v);
  } else {
    abort(c);
  }
}

void
moveRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
       Assembler::Register* b);

void
xorRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
      Assembler::Register* b);

void
negateR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    assert(c, a->low == rax and a->high == rdx);

    ResolvedPromise zeroPromise(0);
    Assembler::Constant zero(&zeroPromise);

    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);

    negateR(c, 4, a);
    addCarryCR(c, 4, &zero, &ah);
    negateR(c, 4, &ah);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0xf7);
    c->code.append(0xd8 | a->low);
  }
}

void
leaMR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* b, Assembler::Register* a)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size == 4) {
    encode(c, 0x8d, a->low, b, false);
  } else {
    assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

    encode(c, 0x8d, a->low, b, true);
  }
}

void
moveCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
       Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    int64_t v = a->value->value();

    ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

    ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant al(&low);

    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    moveCR(c, 4, &al, b);
    moveCR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    rex(c, 0x48, b->low);
    c->code.append(0xb8 | b->low);
    if (a->value->resolved()) {
      c->code.appendAddress(a->value->value());
    } else {
      appendImmediateTask(c, a->value, c->code.length());
      c->code.appendAddress(static_cast<uintptr_t>(0));
    }
  }
}

void
moveCM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
       Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  switch (size) {
  case 1:
    encode(c, 0xc6, 0, b, false);
    c->code.append(a->value->value());
    break;

  case 2:
    encode2(c, 0x66c7, 0, b, false);
    c->code.append2(a->value->value());
    break;

  case 4:
    encode(c, 0xc7, 0, b, false);
    c->code.append4(a->value->value());
    break;

  case 8: {
    ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

    ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant al(&low);

    Assembler::Memory bh(b->base, b->offset + 4, b->index, b->scale);

    moveCM(c, 4, &al, b);
    moveCM(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } break;

  default: abort(c);
  }
}

void
moveRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
       Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    moveRR(c, 4, a, b);
    moveRR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    switch (size) {
    case 1:
      if (BytesPerWord == 4 and a->low > rbx) {
        assert(c, b->low <= rbx);

        moveRR(c, BytesPerWord, a, b);
        moveRR(c, 1, b, b);
      } else {
        rex(c);
        c->code.append(0x0f);
        c->code.append(0xbe);
        c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | a->low);
      }
      break;

    case 2:
      rex(c);
      c->code.append(0x0f);
      c->code.append(0xbf);
      c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | a->low);
      break;

    case 8:
    case 4:
      if (a->low != b->low) {
        rex(c);
        c->code.append(0x89);
        c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
      }
      break;
    }
  }
}

void
moveRM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a, Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Memory bh(b->base, b->offset + 4, b->index, b->scale);

    moveRM(c, 4, a, b);    
    moveRM(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size == 4) {
    encode(c, 0x89, a->low, b, false);
  } else {
    switch (size) {
    case 1:
      if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
        if (a->low > rbx) {
          encode2(c, 0x4088, a->low, b, false);
        } else {
          encode(c, 0x88, a->low, b, false);
        }
      } else {
        assert(c, a->low <= rbx);

        encode(c, 0x88, a->low, b, false);
      }
      break;

    case 2:
      encode2(c, 0x6689, a->low, b, false);
      break;

    case BytesPerWord:
      encode(c, 0x89, a->low, b, true);
      break;

    default: abort(c);
    }
  }
}

void
move4To8CR(Context* c, unsigned, Assembler::Constant* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  moveCR(c, 8, a, b);
}

void
move4To8RR(Context* c, unsigned, Assembler::Register* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
    rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x63);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | a->low);
  } else {
    if (a->low == rax and b->low == rax and b->high == rdx) {
      c->code.append(0x99); // cdq
    } else {
      assert(c, b->low == rax and b->high == rdx);

      moveRR(c, 4, a, b);
      move4To8RR(c, 0, b, b);
    }
  }
}

void
moveMR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a, Assembler::Register* b)
{
  switch (size) {
  case 1:
    encode2(c, 0x0fbe, b->low, a, true);
    break;

  case 2:
    encode2(c, 0x0fbf, b->low, a, true);
    break;

  case 4:
  case 8:
    if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
      Assembler::Memory ah(a->base, a->offset + 4, a->index, a->scale);
      Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

      moveMR(c, 4, a, b);    
      moveMR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
    } else if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size == 4) {
      encode(c, 0x63, b->low, a, true);
    } else {
      encode(c, 0x8b, b->low, a, true);
    }
    break;

  default: abort(c);
  }
}

void
moveAR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Address* a,
       Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4); // todo

  Assembler::Constant constant(a->address);
  Assembler::Memory memory(b->low, 0, -1, 0);

  moveCR(c, size, &constant, b);
  moveMR(c, size, &memory, b);
}

void
moveAM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Address* a,
       Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4); // todo

  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
  moveAR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  moveRM(c, size, &tmp, b);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
moveMM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a,
       Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 8 or size <= 4) {
    uint32_t mask;
    if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 1) {
      mask = (1 << rax) | (1 << rcx) | (1 << rdx) | (1 << rbx);
    } else {
      mask = ~static_cast<uint32_t>(0);
    }

    Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary(mask));
    moveMR(c, size, a, &tmp);
    moveRM(c, size, &tmp, b);
    c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
  } else {
    Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary(),
                            c->client->acquireTemporary());
    moveMR(c, size, a, &tmp);
    moveRM(c, size, &tmp, b);    
    c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
    c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.high);
  }
}

void
move4To8MR(Context* c, unsigned, Assembler::Memory* a, Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
    encode(c, 0x63, b->low, a, true);
  } else {
    assert(c, b->low == rax and b->high == rdx);

    moveMR(c, 4, a, b);
    move4To8RR(c, 0, b, b);
  }
}

void
moveZMR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a,
        Assembler::Register* b)
{
  switch (size) {
  case 2:
    encode2(c, 0x0fb7, b->low, a, true);
    break;

  default: abort(c); // todo
  }
}

void
moveZRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
        Assembler::Register* b)
{
  switch (size) {
  case 2:
    rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0xb7);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | a->low);
    break;

  default: abort(c); // todo
  }
}

void
swapRR(Context* c, unsigned, Assembler::Register* a, Assembler::Register* b)
{
  rex(c);
  c->code.append(0x87);
  c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | a->low);
}

void
addCM(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a,
      Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4); // todo

  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  unsigned i = (isInt8(v) ? 0x83 : 0x81);

  encode(c, i, 0, b, true);
  if (isInt8(v)) {
    c->code.append(v);
  } else if (isInt32(v)) {
    c->code.append4(v);
  } else {
    abort(c);
  }
}

void
addRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
      Assembler::Register* b);

void
addCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
      Assembler::Register* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  if (v) {
    if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
      ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

      ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant al(&low);

      Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

      addCR(c, 4, &al, b);
      addCarryCR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
    } else {
      if (size == 8) rex(c);
      if (isInt8(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x83);
        c->code.append(0xc0 | b->low);
        c->code.append(v);
      } else if (isInt32(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x81);
        c->code.append(0xc0 | b->low);
        c->code.append4(v);        
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        addRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
      }
    }
  }
}

void
subtractBorrowCR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a,
                 Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  if (isInt8(v)) {
    c->code.append(0x83);
    c->code.append(0xd8 | b->low);
    c->code.append(v);
  } else {
    abort(c);
  }
}

void
subtractRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
           Assembler::Register* b);

void
subtractCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  if (v) {
    if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
      ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

      ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant al(&low);

      Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

      subtractCR(c, 4, &al, b);
      subtractBorrowCR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
    } else {
      if (size == 8) rex(c);
      if (isInt8(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x83);
        c->code.append(0xe8 | b->low);
        c->code.append(v);
      } else if (isInt32(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x81);
        c->code.append(0xe8 | b->low);
        c->code.append4(v);        
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        subtractRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
      }
    }
  }
}

void
subtractBorrowRR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Register* a,
                 Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0x19);
  c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
}

void
subtractRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    subtractRR(c, 4, a, b);
    subtractBorrowRR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x29);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
  }
}

void
addCarryRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0x11);
  c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
}

void
addRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
      Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    addRR(c, 4, a, b);
    addCarryRR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x01);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
  }
}

void
addRM(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Register* a,
      Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  encode(c, 0x01, a->low, b, true);
}

void
multiplyRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    assert(c, b->high == rdx);
    assert(c, b->low != rax);
    assert(c, a->low != rax);
    assert(c, a->high != rax);

    c->client->save(rax);

    Assembler::Register axdx(rax, rdx);
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    moveRR(c, 4, b, &axdx);
    multiplyRR(c, 4, &ah, b);
    multiplyRR(c, 4, a, &bh);
    addRR(c, 4, &bh, b);
    
    // mul a->low,%eax%edx
    c->code.append(0xf7);
    c->code.append(0xe0 | a->low);
    
    addRR(c, 4, b, &bh);
    moveRR(c, 4, &axdx, b);

    c->client->restore(rax);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0xaf);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | a->low);
  }
}

void
multiplyCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
           Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    const uint32_t mask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
    Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary(mask),
                            c->client->acquireTemporary(mask));

    moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
    multiplyRR(c, size, &tmp, b);

    c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
    c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.high);
  } else {
    int64_t v = a->value->value();
    if (v != 1) {
      if (isInt32(v)) {
        if (size == 8) rex(c);
        if (isInt8(v)) {
          c->code.append(0x6b);
          c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | b->low);
          c->code.append(v);
        } else {
          c->code.append(0x69);
          c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | b->low);
          c->code.append4(v);        
        }
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        multiplyRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);      
      }
    }
  }
}

void
divideRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
         Assembler::Register* b UNUSED)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  assert(c, b->low == rax);
  assert(c, a->low != rdx);

  c->client->save(rdx);
    
  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0x99); // cdq
  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0xf7);
  c->code.append(0xf8 | a->low);

  c->client->restore(rdx);
}

void
divideCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
         Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  const uint32_t mask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary(mask));
  moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  divideRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);  
}

void
remainderRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
            Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  assert(c, b->low == rax);
  assert(c, a->low != rdx);

  c->client->save(rdx);
    
  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0x99); // cdq
  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0xf7);
  c->code.append(0xf8 | a->low);

  Assembler::Register dx(rdx);
  moveRR(c, BytesPerWord, &dx, b);

  c->client->restore(rdx);
}

void
remainderCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
            Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  const uint32_t mask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary(mask));
  moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  remainderRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
andRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
      Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    andRR(c, 4, a, b);
    andRR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x21);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
  }
}

void
andCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
      Assembler::Register* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

    ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
    Assembler::Constant al(&low);

    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    andCR(c, 4, &al, b);
    andCR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    if (isInt32(v)) {
      if (size == 8) rex(c);
      if (isInt8(v)) {
        c->code.append(0x83);
        c->code.append(0xe0 | b->low);
        c->code.append(v);
      } else {
        c->code.append(0x81);
        c->code.append(0xe0 | b->low);
        c->code.append4(v);
      }
    } else {
      Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
      moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
      andRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
      c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
    }
  }
}

void
andCM(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a,
      Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  encode(c, isInt8(a->value->value()) ? 0x83 : 0x81, 5, b, true);
  if (isInt8(v)) {
    c->code.append(v);
  } else if (isInt32(v)) {
    c->code.append4(v);
  } else {
    abort(c);
  }
}

void
orRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
     Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    orRR(c, 4, a, b);
    orRR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x09);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
  }
}

void
orCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
     Assembler::Register* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  if (v) {
    if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
      ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

      ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant al(&low);

      Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

      orCR(c, 4, &al, b);
      orCR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
    } else {
      if (isInt32(v)) {
        if (size == 8) rex(c);
        if (isInt8(v)) {
          c->code.append(0x83);
          c->code.append(0xc8 | b->low);
          c->code.append(v);
        } else {
          c->code.append(0x81);
          c->code.append(0xc8 | b->low);
          c->code.append4(v);        
        }
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        orRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
      }
    }
  }
}

void
xorRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
      Assembler::Register* b)
{
  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

    xorRR(c, 4, a, b);
    xorRR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0x31);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
  }
}

void
xorCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
      Assembler::Register* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();
  if (v) {
    if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
      ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant ah(&high);

      ResolvedPromise low(v & 0xFFFFFFFF);
      Assembler::Constant al(&low);

      Assembler::Register bh(b->high);

      xorCR(c, 4, &al, b);
      xorCR(c, 4, &ah, &bh);
    } else {
      if (isInt32(v)) {
        if (size == 8) rex(c);
        if (isInt8(v)) {
          c->code.append(0x83);
          c->code.append(0xf0 | b->low);
          c->code.append(v);
        } else {
          c->code.append(0x81);
          c->code.append(0xf0 | b->low);
          c->code.append4(v);        
        }
      } else {
        Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
        moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
        xorRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
        c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
      }
    }
  }
}

void
doShift(Context* c, void (*shift)
        (Context*, unsigned, Assembler::Register*, Assembler::Register*),
        int type, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
        Assembler::Register* b)
{
  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    c->client->save(rcx);

    Assembler::Register cx(rcx);
    moveCR(c, 4, a, &cx);
    shift(c, size, &cx, b);

    c->client->restore(rcx);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    if (v == 1) {
      c->code.append(0xd1);
      c->code.append(type | b->low);
    } else if (isInt8(v)) {
      c->code.append(0xc1);
      c->code.append(type | b->low);
      c->code.append(v);
    } else {
      abort(c);
    }
  }
}

void
compareCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
          Assembler::Register* b);

void
shiftLeftRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
            Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, a->low == rcx);

  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    // shld
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0xa5);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->low << 3) | b->high);

    // shl
    c->code.append(0xd3);
    c->code.append(0xe0 | b->low);

    ResolvedPromise promise(32);
    Assembler::Constant constant(&promise);
    compareCR(c, 4, &constant, a);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8c); // jl
    c->code.append4(2 + 2);

    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);
    moveRR(c, 4, b, &bh); // 2 bytes
    xorRR(c, 4, b, b); // 2 bytes
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0xd3);
    c->code.append(0xe0 | b->low);
  }
}

void
shiftLeftCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
            Assembler::Register* b)
{
  doShift(c, shiftLeftRR, 0xe0, size, a, b);
}

void
shiftRightRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
             Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, a->low == rcx);

  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    // shrd
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0xad);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->high << 3) | b->low);

    // sar
    c->code.append(0xd3);
    c->code.append(0xf8 | b->high);

    ResolvedPromise promise(32);
    Assembler::Constant constant(&promise);
    compareCR(c, 4, &constant, a);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8c); // jl
    c->code.append4(2 + 3);

    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);
    moveRR(c, 4, &bh, b); // 2 bytes

    // sar 31,high
    c->code.append(0xc1);
    c->code.append(0xf8 | b->high);
    c->code.append(31);
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0xd3);
    c->code.append(0xf8 | b->low);
  }
}

void
shiftRightCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
             Assembler::Register* b)
{
  doShift(c, shiftRightRR, 0xf8, size, a, b);
}

void
unsignedShiftRightRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
                     Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, a->low == rcx);

  if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
    // shrd
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0xad);
    c->code.append(0xc0 | (b->high << 3) | b->low);

    // shr
    c->code.append(0xd3);
    c->code.append(0xe8 | b->high);

    ResolvedPromise promise(32);
    Assembler::Constant constant(&promise);
    compareCR(c, 4, &constant, a);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8c); // jl
    c->code.append4(2 + 2);

    Assembler::Register bh(b->high);
    moveRR(c, 4, &bh, b); // 2 bytes
    xorRR(c, 4, &bh, &bh); // 2 bytes
  } else {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    c->code.append(0xd3);
    c->code.append(0xe8 | b->low);
  }
}

void
unsignedShiftRightCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
                     Assembler::Register* b)
{
  doShift(c, unsignedShiftRightRR, 0xe8, size, a, b);
}

void
compareRR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
          Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);

  if (size == 8) rex(c);
  c->code.append(0x39);
  c->code.append(0xc0 | (a->low << 3) | b->low);
}

void
compareAR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Address* a,
          Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
  moveAR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  compareRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
compareCR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Constant* a,
          Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  if (isInt32(v)) {
    if (size == 8) rex(c);
    if (isInt8(v)) {
      c->code.append(0x83);
      c->code.append(0xf8 | b->low);
      c->code.append(v);
    } else {
      c->code.append(0x81);
      c->code.append(0xf8 | b->low);
      c->code.append4(v);
    }
  } else {
    Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
    moveCR(c, size, a, &tmp);
    compareRR(c, size, &tmp, b);
    c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
  }
}

void
compareCM(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a,
          Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  encode(c, isInt8(v) ? 0x83 : 0x81, 7, b, true);

  if (isInt8(v)) {
    c->code.append(v);
  } else if (isInt32(v)) {
    c->code.append4(v);
  } else {
    abort(c);
  }
}

void
compareRM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
          Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size == 4) {
    move4To8RR(c, size, a, a);
  }
  encode(c, 0x39, a->low, b, true);
}

void
compareAM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Address* a,
          Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
  moveAR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  compareRM(c, size, &tmp, b);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
compareMR(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a,
          Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size == 4) {
    move4To8RR(c, size, b, b);
  }
  encode(c, 0x3b, b->low, a, true);
}

void
compareMM(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Memory* a,
          Assembler::Memory* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
  moveMR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  compareRM(c, size, &tmp, b);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
compareRC(Context* c, unsigned size, Assembler::Register* a,
          Assembler::Constant* b)
{
  assert(c, BytesPerWord == 8 or size == 4);
  
  Assembler::Register tmp(c->client->acquireTemporary());
  moveCR(c, size, b, &tmp);
  compareRR(c, size, a, &tmp);
  c->client->releaseTemporary(tmp.low);
}

void
longCompare(Context* c, Assembler::Operand* al, Assembler::Operand* ah,
            Assembler::Operand* bl, Assembler::Operand* bh,
            BinaryOperationType compare, BinaryOperationType move)
{
  ResolvedPromise negativePromise(-1);
  Assembler::Constant negative(&negativePromise);

  ResolvedPromise zeroPromise(0);
  Assembler::Constant zero(&zeroPromise);

  ResolvedPromise positivePromise(1);
  Assembler::Constant positive(&positivePromise);

  if (BytesPerWord == 8) {
    compare(c, 8, al, bl);
    
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8c); // jl
    unsigned less = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8f); // jg
    unsigned greater = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    move(c, 4, &zero, bl);
    
    c->code.append(0xe9); // jmp
    unsigned nextFirst = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    int32_t lessOffset = c->code.length() - less - 4;
    c->code.set(less, &lessOffset, 4);

    move(c, 4, &negative, bl);

    c->code.append(0xe9); // jmp
    unsigned nextSecond = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    int32_t greaterOffset = c->code.length() - greater - 4;
    c->code.set(greater, &greaterOffset, 4);

    move(c, 4, &positive, bl);

    int32_t nextFirstOffset = c->code.length() - nextFirst - 4;
    c->code.set(nextFirst, &nextFirstOffset, 4);

    int32_t nextSecondOffset = c->code.length() - nextSecond - 4;
    c->code.set(nextSecond, &nextSecondOffset, 4);
  } else {
    compare(c, 4, ah, bh);
    
    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8c); // jl
    unsigned less = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x8f); // jg
    unsigned greater = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    compare(c, 4, al, bl);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x82); // ja
    unsigned above = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    c->code.append(0x0f);
    c->code.append(0x87); // jb
    unsigned below = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    move(c, 4, &zero, bl);
    
    c->code.append(0xe9); // jmp
    unsigned nextFirst = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    int32_t lessOffset = c->code.length() - less - 4;
    c->code.set(less, &lessOffset, 4);

    int32_t aboveOffset = c->code.length() - above - 4;
    c->code.set(above, &aboveOffset, 4);

    move(c, 4, &negative, bl);

    c->code.append(0xe9); // jmp
    unsigned nextSecond = c->code.length();
    c->code.append4(0);

    int32_t greaterOffset = c->code.length() - greater - 4;
    c->code.set(greater, &greaterOffset, 4);

    int32_t belowOffset = c->code.length() - below - 4;
    c->code.set(below, &belowOffset, 4);

    move(c, 4, &positive, bl);

    int32_t nextFirstOffset = c->code.length() - nextFirst - 4;
    c->code.set(nextFirst, &nextFirstOffset, 4);

    int32_t nextSecondOffset = c->code.length() - nextSecond - 4;
    c->code.set(nextSecond, &nextSecondOffset, 4);
  }
}

void
longCompareCR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Constant* a,
              Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, size == 8);
  
  int64_t v = a->value->value();

  ResolvedPromise low(v & ~static_cast<uintptr_t>(0));
  Assembler::Constant al(&low);
  
  ResolvedPromise high((v >> 32) & ~static_cast<uintptr_t>(0));
  Assembler::Constant ah(&high);
  
  Assembler::Register bh(b->high);
  
  longCompare(c, &al, &ah, b, &bh, CAST2(compareCR), CAST2(moveCR));
}

void
longCompareRR(Context* c, unsigned size UNUSED, Assembler::Register* a,
              Assembler::Register* b)
{
  assert(c, size == 8);
  
  Assembler::Register ah(a->high);
  Assembler::Register bh(b->high);
  
  longCompare(c, a, &ah, b, &bh, CAST2(compareRR), CAST2(moveCR));
}

void
populateTables()
{
  Operations[Return] = return_;

  const int Constant = ConstantOperand;
  const int Address = AddressOperand;
  const int Register = RegisterOperand;
  const int Memory = MemoryOperand;

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Call, Constant)] = CAST1(callC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Call, Register)] = CAST1(callR);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Call, Memory)] = CAST1(callM);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(LongCall, Constant)] = CAST1(longCallC);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(AlignedCall, Constant)] = CAST1(alignedCallC);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Jump, Constant)] = CAST1(jumpC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Jump, Register)] = CAST1(jumpR);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Jump, Memory)] = CAST1(jumpM);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(LongJump, Constant)] = CAST1(longJumpC);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(JumpIfEqual, Constant)] = CAST1(jumpIfEqualC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(JumpIfNotEqual, Constant)] = CAST1(jumpIfNotEqualC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(JumpIfGreater, Constant)] = CAST1(jumpIfGreaterC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(JumpIfGreaterOrEqual, Constant)]
    = CAST1(jumpIfGreaterOrEqualC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(JumpIfLess, Constant)] = CAST1(jumpIfLessC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(JumpIfLessOrEqual, Constant)]
    = CAST1(jumpIfLessOrEqualC);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Push, Constant)] = CAST1(pushC);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Push, Address)] = CAST1(pushA);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Push, Register)] = CAST1(pushR);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Push, Memory)] = CAST1(pushM);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Pop, Register)] = CAST1(popR);
  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Pop, Memory)] = CAST1(popM);

  UnaryOperations[INDEX1(Negate, Register)] = CAST1(negateR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(LoadAddress, Memory, Register)] = CAST2(leaMR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(moveCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Constant, Memory)] = CAST2(moveCM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Register, Memory)] = CAST2(moveRM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Register, Register)] = CAST2(moveRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Memory, Register)] = CAST2(moveMR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Address, Register)] = CAST2(moveAR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Address, Memory)] = CAST2(moveAM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move, Memory, Memory)] = CAST2(moveMM);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move4To8, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(move4To8CR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move4To8, Register, Register)] = CAST2(move4To8RR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Move4To8, Memory, Register)] = CAST2(move4To8MR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(MoveZ, Memory, Register)] = CAST2(moveZMR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(MoveZ, Register, Register)] = CAST2(moveZRR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Swap, Register, Register)] = CAST2(swapRR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Add, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(addCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Add, Register, Register)] = CAST2(addRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Add, Register, Memory)] = CAST2(addRM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Add, Constant, Memory)] = CAST2(addCM);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Multiply, Register, Register)] = CAST2(multiplyRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Multiply, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(multiplyCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Divide, Register, Register)] = CAST2(divideRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Divide, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(divideCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Remainder, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(remainderCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Remainder, Register, Register)] = CAST2(remainderRR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(And, Register, Register)] = CAST2(andRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(And, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(andCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(And, Constant, Memory)] = CAST2(andCM);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Or, Register, Register)] = CAST2(orRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Or, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(orCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Xor, Register, Register)] = CAST2(xorRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Xor, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(xorCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(ShiftLeft, Register, Register)] = CAST2(shiftLeftRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(ShiftLeft, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(shiftLeftCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(ShiftRight, Register, Register)]
    = CAST2(shiftRightRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(ShiftRight, Constant, Register)]
    = CAST2(shiftRightCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(UnsignedShiftRight, Register, Register)]
    = CAST2(unsignedShiftRightRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(UnsignedShiftRight, Constant, Register)]
    = CAST2(unsignedShiftRightCR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Subtract, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(subtractCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Subtract, Register, Register)] = CAST2(subtractRR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(LongCompare, Constant, Register)]
    = CAST2(longCompareCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(LongCompare, Register, Register)]
    = CAST2(longCompareRR);

  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Constant, Register)] = CAST2(compareCR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Register, Constant)] = CAST2(compareRC);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Register, Register)] = CAST2(compareRR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Address, Register)] = CAST2(compareAR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Address, Memory)] = CAST2(compareAM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Register, Memory)] = CAST2(compareRM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Memory, Register)] = CAST2(compareMR);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Constant, Memory)] = CAST2(compareCM);
  BinaryOperations[INDEX2(Compare, Memory, Memory)] = CAST2(compareMM);
}

class MyAssembler: public Assembler {
 public:
  MyAssembler(System* s, Allocator* a, Zone* zone): c(s, a, zone) {
    static bool populated = false;
    if (not populated) {
      populated = true;
      populateTables();
    }
  }

  virtual void setClient(Client* client) {
    assert(&c, c.client == 0);
    c.client = client;
  }

  virtual unsigned registerCount() {
    return 8;//BytesPerWord == 4 ? 8 : 16;
  }

  virtual int base() {
    return rbp;
  }

  virtual int stack() {
    return rsp;
  }

  virtual int thread() {
    return rbx;
  }

  virtual int returnLow() {
    return rax;
  }

  virtual int returnHigh() {
    return (BytesPerWord == 4 ? rdx : NoRegister);
  }

  virtual unsigned argumentRegisterCount() {
    return (BytesPerWord == 4 ? 0 : 6);
  }

  virtual int argumentRegister(unsigned index) {
    assert(&c, BytesPerWord == 8);

    switch (index) {
    case 0:
      return rdi;
    case 1:
      return rsi;
    case 2:
      return rdx;
    case 3:
      return rcx;
    case 4:
      return r8;
    case 5:
      return r9;
    default:
      abort(&c);
    }
  }

  virtual void plan(UnaryOperation op, unsigned size, uint8_t* typeMask,
                    uint64_t* registerMask, bool* thunk)
  {
    if (op == Negate and BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
      *typeMask = 1 << RegisterOperand;
      *registerMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (rdx + 32))
        | (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << rax);
    } else {
      *typeMask = (1 << RegisterOperand) | (1 << MemoryOperand);
      *registerMask = ~static_cast<uint64_t>(0);
    }
    *thunk = false;
  }

  virtual void plan(BinaryOperation op, unsigned size, uint8_t* aTypeMask,
                    uint64_t* aRegisterMask, uint8_t* bTypeMask,
                    uint64_t* bRegisterMask, bool* thunk)
  {
    *aTypeMask = ~0;
    *aRegisterMask = ~static_cast<uint64_t>(0);

    *bTypeMask = (1 << RegisterOperand) | (1 << MemoryOperand);
    *bRegisterMask = ~static_cast<uint64_t>(0);

    *thunk = false;

    switch (op) {
    case Compare:
      if (BytesPerWord == 8 and size != 8) {
        *aTypeMask = ~(1 << MemoryOperand);
        *bTypeMask = ~(1 << MemoryOperand);
      } else {
        *bTypeMask = ~(1 << ConstantOperand);
      }
      break;

    case Move:
      if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 1) {
        const uint32_t mask
          = (1 << rax) | (1 << rcx) | (1 << rdx) | (1 << rbx);
        *aRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mask) << 32) | mask;
        *bRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mask) << 32) | mask;
      }
      break;

    case Move4To8:
      if (BytesPerWord == 4) {
        const uint32_t mask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
        *aRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mask) << 32) | mask;
        *bRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (rdx + 32))
          | (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << rax);
      }
      break;

    case Multiply:
      if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) { 
        const uint32_t mask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
        *aRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mask) << 32) | mask;
        *bRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (rdx + 32)) | mask;
      }
      break;

    case Divide:
      if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
        *bTypeMask = ~0;
        *thunk = true;        
      } else {
        *aRegisterMask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
        *bRegisterMask = 1 << rax;      
      }
      break;

    case Remainder:
      if (BytesPerWord == 4 and size == 8) {
        *bTypeMask = ~0;
        *thunk = true;
      } else {
        *aRegisterMask = ~((1 << rax) | (1 << rdx));
        *bRegisterMask = 1 << rax;      
      }
      break;

    case ShiftLeft:
    case ShiftRight:
    case UnsignedShiftRight: {
      *aTypeMask = (1 << RegisterOperand) | (1 << ConstantOperand);
      *aRegisterMask = (~static_cast<uint64_t>(0) << 32)
        | (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << rcx);
      const uint32_t mask = ~(1 << rcx);
      *bRegisterMask = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mask) << 32) | mask;
    } break;

    default:
      break;
    }
  }

  virtual void apply(Operation op) {
    Operations[op](&c);
  }

  virtual void apply(UnaryOperation op, unsigned size,
                     OperandType type, Operand* operand)
  {
    UnaryOperations[INDEX1(op, type)](&c, size, operand);
  }

  virtual void apply(BinaryOperation op, unsigned size,
                     OperandType aType, Operand* a,
                     OperandType bType, Operand* b)
  {
    BinaryOperations[INDEX2(op, aType, bType)](&c, size, a, b);
  }

  virtual void writeTo(uint8_t* dst) {
    c.result = dst;
    memcpy(dst, c.code.data, c.code.length());
    
    for (Task* t = c.tasks; t; t = t->next) {
      t->run(&c);
    }
  }

  virtual unsigned length() {
    return c.code.length();
  }

  virtual void updateCall(void* returnAddress, void* newTarget) {
    uint8_t* instruction = static_cast<uint8_t*>(returnAddress) - 5;
    assert(&c, *instruction == 0xE8);
    assert(&c, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(instruction + 1) % 4 == 0);

    int32_t v = static_cast<uint8_t*>(newTarget)
      - static_cast<uint8_t*>(returnAddress);
    memcpy(instruction + 1, &v, 4);
  }

  virtual void dispose() {
    c.code.dispose();
  }

  Context c;
};

} // namespace

namespace vm {

Assembler*
makeAssembler(System* system, Allocator* allocator, Zone* zone)
{
  return new (zone->allocate(sizeof(MyAssembler)))
    MyAssembler(system, allocator, zone);  
}

} // namespace vm