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< h1 > Writing a contract test< a class = "headerlink" href = "#writing-a-contract-test" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > This tutorial will take you through the steps required to write a contract test using Kotlin and Java.< / p >
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< p > The testing DSL allows one to define a piece of the ledger with transactions referring to each other, and ways of
verifying their correctness.< / p >
< div class = "section" id = "testing-single-transactions" >
< h2 > Testing single transactions< a class = "headerlink" href = "#testing-single-transactions" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > We start with the empty ledger:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
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< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "k" > class< / span > < span class = "nc" > CommercialPaperTest< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "k" > fun< / span > < span class = "nf" > emptyLedger< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
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< span class = "p" > }< / span >
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< span class = "p" > ...< / span >
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< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "nn" > static< / span > < span class = "n" > net< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > corda< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > core< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > testing< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > JavaTestHelpers< / span > < span class = "o" > .*;< / span >
< span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "nn" > static< / span > < span class = "n" > net< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > corda< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > core< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > contracts< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > JavaTestHelpers< / span > < span class = "o" > .*;< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > emptyLedger< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span > < span class = "c1" > // We need to return this explicitly< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > The DSL keyword < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > ledger< / span > < / code > takes a closure that can build up several transactions and may verify their overall
correctness. A ledger is effectively a fresh world with no pre-existing transactions or services within it.< / p >
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< p > We will start with defining helper function that returns a < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > CommercialPaper< / span > < / code > state:< / p >
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< div class = "codeset container" >
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< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > fun getPaper(): ICommercialPaperState = CommercialPaper.State(
issuance = MEGA_CORP.ref(123),
owner = MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY,
faceValue = 1000.DOLLARS `issued by` MEGA_CORP.ref(123),
maturityDate = TEST_TX_TIME + 7.days
)
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
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< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kd" > private< / span > < span class = "kd" > final< / span > < span class = "n" > OpaqueBytes< / span > < span class = "n" > defaultRef< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > OpaqueBytes< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "kt" > byte< / span > < span class = "o" > []{< / span > < span class = "mi" > 123< / span > < span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "kd" > private< / span > < span class = "n" > ICommercialPaperState< / span > < span class = "nf" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span >
< span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP< / span > < span class = "o" > ().< / span > < span class = "na" > ref< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > defaultRef< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span >
< span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span >
< span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 1000< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP< / span > < span class = "o" > ().< / span > < span class = "na" > ref< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > defaultRef< / span > < span class = "o" > )),< / span >
< span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ().< / span > < span class = "na" > plus< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 7< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > ChronoUnit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > DAYS< / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span >
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< span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > It’ s a < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > CommercialPaper< / span > < / code > issued by < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > MEGA_CORP< / span > < / code > with face value of $1000 and maturity date in 7 days.< / p >
< p > Let’ s add a < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > CommercialPaper< / span > < / code > transaction:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "n" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "k" > fun< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCPDoesntCompile< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > inState< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > transaction< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > input< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCPDoesntCompile< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ICommercialPaperState< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > We can add a transaction to the ledger using the < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > transaction< / span > < / code > primitive. The transaction in turn may be defined by
specifying < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > input< / span > < / code > -s, < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > output< / span > < / code > -s, < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > command< / span > < / code > -s and < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > attachment< / span > < / code > -s.< / p >
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< p > The above < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > input< / span > < / code > call is a bit special; transactions don’ t actually contain input states, just references
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to output states of other transactions. Under the hood the above < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > input< / span > < / code > call creates a dummy transaction in the
ledger (that won’ t be verified) which outputs the specified state, and references that from this transaction.< / p >
< p > The above code however doesn’ t compile:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
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< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "n" > Error< / span > < span class = "p" > :(< / span > < span class = "m" > 29< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "m" > 17< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "n" > Kotlin< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > Type< / span > < span class = "n" > mismatch< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > inferred< / span > < span class = "n" > type< / span > < span class = "k" > is< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "n" > but< / span > < span class = "n" > EnforceVerifyOrFail< / span > < span class = "n" > was< / span > < span class = "n" > expected< / span >
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
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< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nl" > Error:< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 35< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "mi" > 27< / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span > < span class = "n" > java< / span > < span class = "o" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > incompatible< / span > < span class = "n" > types< / span > < span class = "o" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > bad< / span > < span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > type< / span > < span class = "n" > in< / span > < span class = "n" > lambda< / span > < span class = "n" > expression< / span > < span class = "n" > missing< / span > < span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > value< / span >
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > This is deliberate: The DSL forces us to specify either < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this.verifies()< / span > < / code > or < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this< / span > < span class = "pre" > `fails< / span > < span class = "pre" > with`< / span > < span class = "pre" > " some< / span > < span class = "pre" > text" < / span > < / code > on the
last line of < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > transaction< / span > < / code > :< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
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< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "n" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "k" > fun< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCP< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > inState< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > transaction< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > input< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > this< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > verifies< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCP< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ICommercialPaperState< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > Let’ s take a look at a transaction that fails.< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "n" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "k" > fun< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCPMove< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "k" > val< / span > < span class = "py" > inState< / span > < span class = "p" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > transaction< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > input< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > command< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span > < span class = "n" > CommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > Commands< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > Move< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "k" > this< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > verifies< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCPMove< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ICommercialPaperState< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > When run, that code produces the following error:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > net.corda.core.contracts.TransactionVerificationException$ContractRejection: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Failed requirement: the state is propagated
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "n" > net< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > corda< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > core< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > contracts< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > TransactionVerificationException$ContractRejection< / span > < span class = "o" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > java< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > lang< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > IllegalStateException< / span > < span class = "o" > :< / span > < span class = "n" > the< / span > < span class = "n" > state< / span > < span class = "n" > is< / span > < span class = "n" > propagated< / span >
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > The transaction verification failed, because we wanted to move paper but didn’ t specify an output - but the state should be propagated.
However we can specify that this is an intended behaviour by changing < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this.verifies()< / span > < / code > to < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this< / span > < span class = "pre" > `fails< / span > < span class = "pre" > with`< / span > < span class = "pre" > " the< / span > < span class = "pre" > state< / span > < span class = "pre" > is< / span > < span class = "pre" > propagated" < / span > < / code > :< / p >
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< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun simpleCPMoveFails() {
val inState = getPaper()
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ledger {
transaction {
input(inState)
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command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
this `fails with` " the state is propagated"
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}
}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCPMoveFails< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ICommercialPaperState< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > failsWith< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " the state is propagated" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< p > We can continue to build the transaction until it < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > verifies< / span > < / code > :< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun simpleCPMoveSuccess() {
val inState = getPaper()
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ledger {
transaction {
input(inState)
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command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
this `fails with` " the state is propagated"
output(" alice' s paper" ) { inState `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY }
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this.verifies()
}
}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleCPMoveSuccess< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > ICommercialPaperState< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > failsWith< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " the state is propagated" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > inState< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > withOwner< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > ()));< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > output< / span > < / code > specifies that we want the input state to be transferred to < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > ALICE< / span > < / code > and < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > command< / span > < / code > adds the
< code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > Move< / span > < / code > command itself, signed by the current owner of the input state, < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < / code > .< / p >
< p > We constructed a complete signed commercial paper transaction and verified it. Note how we left in the < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > fails< / span > < span class = "pre" > with< / span > < / code >
line - this is fine, the failure will be tested on the partially constructed transaction.< / p >
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< p > What should we do if we wanted to test what happens when the wrong party signs the transaction? If we simply add a
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< code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > command< / span > < / code > it will permanently ruin the transaction... Enter < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > tweak< / span > < / code > :< / p >
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< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun `simple issuance with tweak`() {
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ledger {
transaction {
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output(" paper" ) { getPaper() } // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.
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tweak {
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command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_1) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
this `fails with` " output states are issued by a command signer"
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}
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command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
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this.verifies()
}
}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleIssuanceWithTweak< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span > < span class = "c1" > // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > tweak< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > failsWith< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " output states are issued by a command signer" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > tweak< / span > < / code > creates a local copy of the transaction. This makes possible to locally “ ruin” the transaction while not
modifying the original one, allowing testing of different error conditions.< / p >
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< p > We now have a neat little test that tests a single transaction. This is already useful, and in fact testing of a single
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transaction in this way is very common. There is even a shorthand top-level < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > transaction< / span > < / code > primitive that creates a
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ledger with a single transaction:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun `simple issuance with tweak and top level transaction`() {
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transaction {
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output(" paper" ) { getPaper() } // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.
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tweak {
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command(DUMMY_PUBKEY_1) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
this `fails with` " output states are issued by a command signer"
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}
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command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
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this.verifies()
}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > simpleIssuanceWithTweakTopLevelTx< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span > < span class = "c1" > // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > tweak< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getDUMMY_PUBKEY_1< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > failsWith< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " output states are issued by a command signer" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "chaining-transactions" >
< h2 > Chaining transactions< a class = "headerlink" href = "#chaining-transactions" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Now that we know how to define a single transaction, let’ s look at how to define a chain of them:< / p >
< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun `chain commercial paper`() {
val issuer = MEGA_CORP.ref(123)
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ledger {
unverifiedTransaction {
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output(" alice' s $900" , 900.DOLLARS.CASH `issued by` issuer `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY)
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}
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// Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.
transaction(" Issuance" ) {
output(" paper" ) { getPaper() }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
this.verifies()
}
transaction(" Trade" ) {
input(" paper" )
input(" alice' s $900" )
output(" borrowed $900" ) { 900.DOLLARS.CASH `issued by` issuer `owned by` MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY }
output(" alice' s paper" ) { " paper" .output< ICommercialPaperState> () `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY }
command(ALICE_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
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this.verifies()
}
}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > chainCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > PartyAndReference< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP< / span > < span class = "o" > ().< / span > < span class = "na" > ref< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > defaultRef< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > unverifiedTransaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span >
< span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 900< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "kc" > null< / span > < span class = "o" > ));< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "c1" > // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Issuance" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Trade" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " borrowed $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 900< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "kc" > null< / span > < span class = "o" > ));< / span >
< span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > retrieveOutput< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > withOwner< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > ()));< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > In this example we declare that < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > ALICE< / span > < / code > has $900 but we don’ t care where from. For this we can use
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< code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > unverifiedTransaction< / span > < / code > . Note how we don’ t need to specify < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this.verifies()< / span > < / code > .< / p >
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< p > Notice that we labelled output with < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > " alice's< / span > < span class = "pre" > $900" < / span > < / code > , also in transaction named < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > " Issuance" < / span > < / code >
we labelled a commercial paper with < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > " paper" < / span > < / code > . Now we can subsequently refer to them in other transactions, e.g.
by < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > input(" alice's< / span > < span class = "pre" > $900" )< / span > < / code > or < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > " paper" .output< ICommercialPaperState> ()< / span > < / code > .< / p >
< p > The last transaction named < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > " Trade" < / span > < / code > exemplifies simple fact of selling the < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > CommercialPaper< / span > < / code > to Alice for her $900,
$100 less than the face value at 10% interest after only 7 days.< / p >
< p > We can also test whole ledger calling < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this.verifies()< / span > < / code > and < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this.fails()< / span > < / code > on the ledger level.
To do so let’ s create a simple example that uses the same input twice:< / p >
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< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun `chain commercial paper double spend`() {
val issuer = MEGA_CORP.ref(123)
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ledger {
unverifiedTransaction {
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output(" alice' s $900" , 900.DOLLARS.CASH `issued by` issuer `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY)
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}
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// Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.
transaction(" Issuance" ) {
output(" paper" ) { getPaper() }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
this.verifies()
}
transaction(" Trade" ) {
input(" paper" )
input(" alice' s $900" )
output(" borrowed $900" ) { 900.DOLLARS.CASH `issued by` issuer `owned by` MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY }
output(" alice' s paper" ) { " paper" .output< ICommercialPaperState> () `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY }
command(ALICE_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
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this.verifies()
}
transaction {
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input(" paper" )
// We moved a paper to another pubkey.
output(" bob' s paper" ) { " paper" .output< ICommercialPaperState> () `owned by` BOB_PUBKEY }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
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this.verifies()
}
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this.fails()
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}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > chainCommercialPaperDoubleSpend< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > PartyAndReference< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP< / span > < span class = "o" > ().< / span > < span class = "na" > ref< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > defaultRef< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > unverifiedTransaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span >
< span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 900< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "kc" > null< / span > < span class = "o" > ));< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "c1" > // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Issuance" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Trade" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " borrowed $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 900< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "kc" > null< / span > < span class = "o" > ));< / span >
< span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > retrieveOutput< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > withOwner< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > ()));< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > retrieveOutput< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "c1" > // We moved a paper to other pubkey.< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " bob' s paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > withOwner< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getBOB_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > ()));< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > fails< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< p > The transactions < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > verifies()< / span > < / code > individually, however the state was spent twice! That’ s why we need the global ledger
verification (< code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > this.fails()< / span > < / code > at the end). As in previous examples we can use < code class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > tweak< / span > < / code > to create a local copy of the whole ledger:< / p >
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< div class = "codeset container" >
< div class = "highlight-kotlin" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > @Test
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fun `chain commercial tweak`() {
val issuer = MEGA_CORP.ref(123)
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ledger {
unverifiedTransaction {
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output(" alice' s $900" , 900.DOLLARS.CASH `issued by` issuer `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY)
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}
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// Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.
transaction(" Issuance" ) {
output(" paper" ) { getPaper() }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Issue() }
timestamp(TEST_TX_TIME)
this.verifies()
}
transaction(" Trade" ) {
input(" paper" )
input(" alice' s $900" )
output(" borrowed $900" ) { 900.DOLLARS.CASH `issued by` issuer `owned by` MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY }
output(" alice' s paper" ) { " paper" .output< ICommercialPaperState> () `owned by` ALICE_PUBKEY }
command(ALICE_PUBKEY) { Cash.Commands.Move() }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
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this.verifies()
}
tweak {
transaction {
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input(" paper" )
// We moved a paper to another pubkey.
output(" bob' s paper" ) { " paper" .output< ICommercialPaperState> () `owned by` BOB_PUBKEY }
command(MEGA_CORP_PUBKEY) { CommercialPaper.Commands.Move() }
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this.verifies()
}
this.fails()
}
this.verifies()
}
}
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "highlight-java" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @Test< / span >
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< span class = "kd" > public< / span > < span class = "kt" > void< / span > < span class = "nf" > chainCommercialPaperTweak< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > PartyAndReference< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP< / span > < span class = "o" > ().< / span > < span class = "na" > ref< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > defaultRef< / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
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< span class = "n" > ledger< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > unverifiedTransaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span >
< span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 900< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "kc" > null< / span > < span class = "o" > ));< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > Unit< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > INSTANCE< / span > < span class = "o" > ;< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
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< span class = "c1" > // Some CP is issued onto the ledger by MegaCorp.< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Issuance" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > getPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Issue< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > timestamp< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getTEST_TX_TIME< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " Trade" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " borrowed $900" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > issuedBy< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > DOLLARS< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 900< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > issuer< / span > < span class = "o" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "kc" > null< / span > < span class = "o" > ));< / span >
< span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > retrieveOutput< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " alice' s paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > withOwner< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > ()));< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getALICE_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > Cash< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > verifies< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > tweak< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > lw< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "n" > lw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > transaction< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > -> < / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
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< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > input< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > l< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > retrieveOutput< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > State< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "s" > " paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > );< / span >
< span class = "c1" > // We moved a paper to another pubkey.< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > output< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s" > " bob' s paper" < / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > inputPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > withOwner< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getBOB_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > ()));< / span >
< span class = "n" > tx< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > command< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > getMEGA_CORP_PUBKEY< / span > < span class = "o" > (),< / span > < span class = "k" > new< / span > < span class = "n" > JavaCommercialPaper< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Commands< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > Move< / span > < span class = "o" > ());< / span >
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< span class = "o" > });< / span >
< span class = "n" > lw< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "na" > fails< / span > < span class = "o" > ();< / span >
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