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ReStructuredText
314 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
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.. highlight:: kotlin
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<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/codesets.js"></script>
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API: Flows
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==========
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.. note:: Before reading this page, you should be familiar with the key concepts of :doc:`key-concepts-flows`.
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An example flow
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---------------
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Let's imagine a flow for agreeing a basic ledger update between Alice and Bob. This flow will have two sides:
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* An ``Initiator`` side, that will initiate the request to update the ledger
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* A ``Responder`` side, that will respond to the request to update the ledger
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Initiator
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^^^^^^^^^
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In our flow, the Initiator flow class will be doing the majority of the work:
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*Part 1 - Build the transaction*
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1. Choose a notary for the transaction
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2. Create a transaction builder
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3. Extract any input states from the vault and add them to the builder
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4. Create any output states and add them to the builder
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5. Add any commands, attachments and timestamps to the builder
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*Part 2 - Sign the transaction*
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6. Sign the transaction builder
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7. Convert the builder to a signed transaction
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*Part 3 - Verify the transaction*
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8. Verify the transaction by running its contracts
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*Part 4 - Gather the counterparty's signature*
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9. Send the transaction to the counterparty
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10. Wait to receive back the counterparty's signature
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11. Add the counterparty's signature to the transaction
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12. Verify the transaction's signatures
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*Part 5 - Finalize the transaction*
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13. Send the transaction to the notary
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14. Wait to receive back the notarised transaction
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15. Record the transaction locally
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16. Store any relevant states in the vault
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17. Send the transaction to the counterparty for recording
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We can visualize the work performed by initiator as follows:
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.. image:: resources/flow-overview.png
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Responder
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^^^^^^^^^
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To respond to these actions, the responder takes the following steps:
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*Part 1 - Sign the transaction*
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1. Receive the transaction from the counterparty
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2. Verify the transaction's existing signatures
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3. Verify the transaction by running its contracts
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4. Generate a signature over the transaction
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5. Send the signature back to the counterparty
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*Part 2 - Record the transaction*
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6. Receive the notarised transaction from the counterparty
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7. Record the transaction locally
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8. Store any relevant states in the vault
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FlowLogic
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---------
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In practice, a flow is implemented as one or more communicating ``FlowLogic`` subclasses. Each ``FlowLogic`` subclass
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must override ``FlowLogic.call()``, which describes the actions it will take as part of the flow.
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So in the example above, we would have an ``Initiator`` ``FlowLogic`` subclass and a ``Responder`` ``FlowLogic``
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subclass. The actions of the initiator's side of the flow would be defined in ``Initiator.call``, and the actions
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of the responder's side of the flow would be defined in ``Responder.call``.
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FlowLogic annotations
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Any flow that you wish to start either directly via RPC or as a subflow must be annotated with the
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``@InitiatingFlow`` annotation. Additionally, if you wish to start the flow via RPC, you must annotate it with the
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``@StartableByRPC`` annotation.
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Any flow that responds to a message from another flow must be annotated with the ``@InitiatedBy`` annotation.
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``@InitiatedBy`` takes the class of the flow it is responding to as its single parameter.
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So in our example, we would have:
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.. container:: codeset
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.. sourcecode:: kotlin
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@InitiatingFlow
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@StartableByRPC
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class Initiator(): FlowLogic<Unit>() {
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...
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@InitiatedBy(Initiator::class)
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class Responder(val otherParty: Party) : FlowLogic<Unit>() {
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.. sourcecode:: java
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@InitiatingFlow
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@StartableByRPC
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public static class Initiator extends FlowLogic<Unit> {
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...
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@InitiatedBy(Initiator.class)
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public static class Responder extends FlowLogic<Void> {
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Additionally, any flow that is started by a ``SchedulableState`` must be annotated with the ``@SchedulableFlow``
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annotation.
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ServiceHub
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----------
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Within ``FlowLogic.call()``, the flow developer has access to the node's ``ServiceHub`` that provides access to the
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various services the node provides.
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The key ``ServiceHub`` services are:
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* ``ServiceHub.networkMapCache``
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* Provides info on other nodes on the network (e.g. notaries…)
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* ``ServiceHub.vaultService``
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* Stores the node’s current and historic states
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* ``ServiceHub.storageService``
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* Stores additional info such as transactions and attachments
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* ``ServiceHub.keyManagementService``
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* Manages the node’s digital signing keys
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* ``ServiceHub.myInfo``
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* Other information about the node
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* ``ServiceHub.clock``
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* Provides access to the node’s internal time and date
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Some common tasks performed using the ``ServiceHub`` are:
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* Looking up your own identity or the identity of a counterparty using the ``networkMapCache``
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* Identifying the providers of a given service (e.g. a notary service) using the ``networkMapCache``
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* Retrieving states to use in a transaction using the ``vaultService``
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* Retrieving attachments and past transactions to use in a transaction using the ``storageService``
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* Creating a timestamp using the ``clock``
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* Signing a transaction using the ``keyManagementService``
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Common flow tasks
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-----------------
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There are a number of common tasks that you will need to perform within ``FlowLogic.call`` in order to agree ledger
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updates. This section details the API for the most common tasks.
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Retrieving information about other nodes
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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We use the network map to retrieve information about other nodes on the network:
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.. container:: codeset
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.. sourcecode:: kotlin
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val networkMap = serviceHub.networkMapCache
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val allNodes = networkMap.partyNodes
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val allNotaryNodes = networkMap.notaryNodes
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val randomNotaryNode = networkMap.getAnyNotary()
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val alice = networkMap.getNodeByLegalName(X500Name("CN=Alice,O=Alice,L=London,C=UK"))
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val bob = networkMap.getNodeByLegalIdentityKey(bobsKey)
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.. sourcecode:: java
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final NetworkMapCache networkMap = getServiceHub().getNetworkMapCache();
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final List<NodeInfo> allNodes = networkMap.getPartyNodes();
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final List<NodeInfo> allNotaryNodes = networkMap.getNotaryNodes();
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final Party randomNotaryNode = networkMap.getAnyNotary(null);
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final NodeInfo alice = networkMap.getNodeByLegalName(new X500Name("CN=Alice,O=Alice,L=London,C=UK"));
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final NodeInfo bob = networkMap.getNodeByLegalIdentityKey(bobsKey);
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Communication between parties
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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``FlowLogic`` instances communicate using three functions:
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* ``send(otherParty: Party, payload: Any)``
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* Sends the ``payload`` object to the ``otherParty``
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* ``receive(receiveType: Class<R>, otherParty: Party)``
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* Receives an object of type ``receiveType`` from the ``otherParty``
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* ``sendAndReceive(receiveType: Class<R>, otherParty: Party, payload: Any)``
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* Sends the ``payload`` object to the ``otherParty``, and receives an object of type ``receiveType`` back
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Each ``FlowLogic`` subclass can be annotated to respond to messages from a given *counterparty* flow using the
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``@InitiatedBy`` annotation. When a node first receives a message from a given ``FlowLogic.call()`` invocation, it
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responds as follows:
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* The node checks whether they have a ``FlowLogic`` subclass that is registered to respond to the ``FlowLogic`` that
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is sending the message:
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a. If yes, the node starts an instance of this ``FlowLogic`` by invoking ``FlowLogic.call()``
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b. Otherwise, the node ignores the message
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* The counterparty steps through their ``FlowLogic.call()`` method until they encounter a call to ``receive()``, at
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which point they process the message from the initiator
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Upon calling ``receive()``/``sendAndReceive()``, the ``FlowLogic`` is suspended until it receives a response.
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UntrustworthyData
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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``send()`` and ``sendAndReceive()`` return a payload wrapped in an ``UntrustworthyData`` instance. This is a
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reminder that any data received off the wire is untrustworthy and must be verified.
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We verify the ``UntrustworthyData`` and retrieve its payload by calling ``unwrap``:
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.. container:: codeset
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.. sourcecode:: kotlin
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val partSignedTx = receive<SignedTransaction>(otherParty).unwrap { partSignedTx ->
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val wireTx = partSignedTx.verifySignatures(keyPair.public, notaryPubKey)
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wireTx.toLedgerTransaction(serviceHub).verify()
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partSignedTx
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}
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.. sourcecode:: java
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final SignedTransaction partSignedTx = receive(SignedTransaction.class, otherParty)
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.unwrap(tx -> {
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try {
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final WireTransaction wireTx = tx.verifySignatures(keyPair.getPublic(), notaryPubKey);
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wireTx.toLedgerTransaction(getServiceHub()).verify();
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} catch (SignatureException ex) {
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throw new FlowException(tx.getId() + " failed signature checks", ex);
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}
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return tx;
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});
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Subflows
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--------
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Corda provides a number of built-in flows that should be used for handling common tasks. The most important are:
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* ``CollectSignaturesFlow``, which should be used to collect a transaction's required signatures
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* ``FinalityFlow``, which should be used to notarise and record a transaction
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* ``ResolveTransactionsFlow``, which should be used to verify the chain of inputs to a transaction
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* ``ContractUpgradeFlow``, which should be used to change a state's contract
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* ``NotaryChangeFlow``, which should be used to change a state's notary
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These flows are designed to be used as building blocks in your own flows. You invoke them by calling
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``FlowLogic.subFlow`` from within your flow's ``call`` method. Here is an example from ``TwoPartyDealFlow.kt``:
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.. container:: codeset
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.. literalinclude:: ../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/TwoPartyDealFlow.kt
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:language: kotlin
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:start-after: DOCSTART 1
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:end-before: DOCEND 1
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:dedent: 12
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In this example, we are starting a ``CollectSignaturesFlow``, passing in a partially signed transaction, and
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receiving back a fully-signed version of the same transaction.
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Subflows in our example flow
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In practice, many of the actions in our example flow would be automated using subflows:
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* Parts 2-4 of ``Initiator.call`` should be automated by invoking ``CollectSignaturesFlow``
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* Part 5 of ``Initiator.call`` should be automated by invoking ``FinalityFlow``
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* Part 1 of ``Responder.call`` should be automated by invoking ``SignTransactionFlow``
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* Part 2 of ``Responder.call`` will be handled automatically when the counterparty invokes ``FinalityFlow``
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FlowException
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-------------
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Suppose a node throws an exception while running a flow. Any counterparty flows waiting for a message from the node
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(i.e. as part of a call to ``receive`` or ``sendAndReceive``) will be notified that the flow has unexpectedly
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ended and will themselves end. However, the exception thrown will not be propagated back to the counterparties.
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If you wish to notify any waiting counterparties of the cause of the exception, you can do so by throwing a
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``FlowException``:
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.. container:: codeset
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.. literalinclude:: ../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/core/flows/FlowException.kt
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:language: kotlin
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:start-after: DOCSTART 1
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:end-before: DOCEND 1
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The flow framework will automatically propagate the ``FlowException`` back to the waiting counterparties.
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There are many scenarios in which throwing a ``FlowException`` would be appropriate:
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* A transaction doesn't ``verify()``
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* A transaction's signatures are invalid
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* The transaction does not match the parameters of the deal as discussed
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* You are reneging on a deal
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Suspending flows
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----------------
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In order for nodes to be able to run multiple flows concurrently, and to allow flows to survive node upgrades and
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restarts, flows need to be checkpointable and serializable to disk.
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This is achieved by marking any function invoked from within ``FlowLogic.call()`` with an ``@Suspendable`` annotation.
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We can see an example in ``CollectSignaturesFlow``:
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.. container:: codeset
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.. literalinclude:: ../../core/src/main/kotlin/net/corda/flows/CollectSignaturesFlow.kt
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:language: kotlin
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:start-after: DOCSTART 1
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:end-before: DOCEND 1
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