ZeroTierOne/controller

Network Controller Microservice

Every ZeroTier virtual network has a network controller. This is our reference implementation and is the same one we use to power our own hosted services at my.zerotier.com. Network controllers act as configuration servers and certificate authorities for the members of networks. Controllers are located on the network by simply parsing out the first 10 digits of a network's 16-digit network ID: these are the address of the controller.

As of ZeroTier One version 1.2.0 this code is included in normal builds for desktop, laptop, and server (Linux, etc.) targets, allowing any device to create virtual networks without having to be rebuilt from source with special flags to enable this feature. While this does offer a convenient way to create ad-hoc networks or experiment, we recommend running a dedicated controller somewhere secure and stable for any "serious" use case.

Controller data is stored in JSON format under controller.d in the ZeroTier working directory. It can be copied, rsync'd, placed in git, etc. The files under controller.d should not be modified in place while the controller is running or data loss may result, and if they are edited directly take care not to save corrupt JSON since that can also lead to data loss when the controller is restarted. Going through the API is strongly preferred to directly modifying these files.

Upgrading from Older Versions

Older versions of this code used a SQLite database instead of in-filesystem JSON. A migration utility called migrate-sqlite is included here and must be used to migrate this data to the new format. If the controller is started with an old controller.db in its working directory it will terminate after printing an error to stderr. This is done to prevent "surprises" for those running DIY controllers using the old code.

The migration tool is written in nodeJS and can be used like this:

cd migrate-sqlite
npm install
node migrate-sqlite.js <path to ZeroTier working directory>

You may need to sudo node ... if the ZeroTier working directory is owned by root.

This code will dump the contents of any controller.db in the ZeroTier working directory and recreate its data in the form of JSON objects under controller.d. The old controller.db will then be renamed to controller.db.migrated and the controller will start normally.

After migrating make sure that the contents of controller.d are owned and writable by the user that will be running the ZeroTier controller process! (Usually this is root but controllers that don't also join networks are sometimes run as unprivileged users.)

If you don't have nodeJS on the machine running ZeroTier it is perfectly fine to just copy controller.db to a directory on another machine and run the migration tool there. After running your migration the contents of controller.d can be tar'd up and copied back over to the controller. Just remember to rename or remove controller.db on the controller machine afterwords so the controller will start.

Scalability and Reliability

Controllers can in theory host up to 2^24 networks and serve many millions of devices (or more), but we recommend spreading large numbers of networks across many controllers for load balancing and fault tolerance reasons. Since the controller uses the filesystem as its data store we recommend fast filesystems and fast SSD drives for heavily loaded controllers.

Since ZeroTier nodes are mobile and do not need static IPs, implementing high availability fail-over for controllers is easy. Just replicate their working directories from master to backup and have something automatically fire up the backup if the master goes down. Many modern orchestration tools have built-in support for this. It would also be possible in theory to run controllers on a replicated or distributed filesystem, but we haven't tested this yet.

Dockerizing Controllers

ZeroTier network controllers can easily be run in Docker or other container systems. Since containers do not need to actually join networks, extra privilege options like "--device=/dev/net/tun --privileged" are not needed. You'll just need to map the local JSON API port of the running controller and allow it to access the Internet (over UDP/9993 at a minimum) so things can reach and query it.

Network Controller API

The controller API is hosted via the same JSON API endpoint that ZeroTier One uses for local control (usually at 127.0.0.1 port 9993). All controller options are routed under the /controller base path.

The controller microservice does not implement any fine-grained access control (authentication is via authtoken.secret just like the regular JSON API) or other complex mangement features. It just takes network and network member configurations and reponds to controller queries. We have an enterprise product called ZeroTier Central that we host as a service (and that companies can license to self-host) that does this.

All working network IDs on a controller must begin with the controller's ZeroTier address. The API will allow "foreign" networks to be added but the controller will have no way of doing anything with them since nobody will know to query it. (In the future we might support secondaries, which would make this relevant.)

The JSON API is very sensitive about types. Integers must be integers and strings strings, etc. Incorrectly typed and unrecognized fields may result in ignored fields or a 400 (bad request) error.

/controller

• Purpose: Check for controller function and return controller status
• Methods: GET
• Returns: { object }

Field	Type	Description	Writable
controller	boolean	Always 'true'	no
apiVersion	integer	Controller API version, currently 3	no
clock	integer	Current clock on controller, ms since epoch	no

/controller/network

• Purpose: List all networks hosted by this controller
• Methods: GET
• Returns: [ string, ... ]

This returns an array of 16-digit hexadecimal network IDs.

/controller/network/<network ID>

• Purpose: Create, configure, and delete hosted networks
• Methods: GET, POST, DELETE
• Returns: { object }

By making queries to this path you can create, configure, and delete networks. DELETE is final, so don't do it unless you really mean it.

When POSTing new networks take care that their IDs are not in use, otherwise you may overwrite an existing one. To create a new network with a random unused ID, POST to /controller/network/##########______. The #'s are the controller's 10-digit ZeroTier address and they're followed by six underscores. Check the nwid field of the returned JSON object for your network's newly allocated ID. Subsequent POSTs to this network must refer to its actual path.

Field	Type	Description	Writable
id	string	16-digit network ID	no
nwid	string	16-digit network ID (old, but still around)	no
clock	integer	Current clock, ms since epoch	no
name	string	A short name for this network	YES
private	boolean	Is access control enabled?	YES
enableBroadcast	boolean	Ethernet ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff allowed?	YES
allowPassiveBridging	boolean	Allow any member to bridge (very experimental)	YES
v4AssignMode	object	IPv4 management and assign options (see below)	YES
v6AssignMode	object	IPv6 management and assign options (see below)	YES
multicastLimit	integer	Maximum recipients for a multicast packet	YES
creationTime	integer	Time network was first created	no
revision	integer	Network config revision counter	no
authorizedMemberCount	integer	Number of authorized members (for private nets)	no
activeMemberCount	integer	Number of members that appear to be online	no
totalMemberCount	integer	Total known members of this network	no
routes	array[object]	Managed IPv4 and IPv6 routes; see below	YES
ipAssignmentPools	array[object]	IP auto-assign ranges; see below	YES
rules	array[object]	Traffic rules; see below	YES

Recent changes:

• The ipLocalRoutes field appeared in older versions but is no longer present. Routes will now show up in routes.
• The relays field is gone since network preferred relays are gone. This capability is replaced by VL1 level federation ("federated roots").

Other important points:

• Networks without rules won't carry any traffic. If you don't specify any on network creation an "accept anything" rule set will automatically be added.
• Managed IP address assignments and IP assignment pools that do not fall within a route configured in routes are ignored and won't be used or sent to members.
• The default for private is true and this is probably what you want. Turning private off means anyone can join your network with only its 16-digit network ID. It's also impossible to de-authorize a member as these networks don't issue or enforce certificates. Such "party line" networks are used for decentralized app backplanes, gaming, and testing but are otherwise not common.

Auto-Assign Modes:

Auto assign modes (v4AssignMode and v6AssignMode) contain objects that map assignment modes to booleans.

For IPv4 the only valid setting is zt which, if true, causes IPv4 addresses to be auto-assigned from ipAssignmentPools to members that do not have an IPv4 assignment. Note that active bridges are exempt and will not get auto-assigned IPs since this can interfere with bridging. (You can still manually assign one if you want.)

IPv6 includes this option and two others: 6plane and rfc4193. These assign private IPv6 addresses to each member based on a deterministic assignment scheme that allows members to emulate IPv6 NDP to skip multicast for better performance and scalability. The rfc4193 mode gives every member a /128 on a /88 network, while 6plane gives every member a /80 within a /40 network but uses NDP emulation to route all IPs under that /80 to its owner. The 6plane mode is great for use cases like Docker since it allows every member to assign IPv6 addresses within its /80 that just work instantly and globally across the network.

IP assignment pool object format:

Field	Type	Description
ipRangeStart	string	Starting IP address in range
ipRangeEnd	string	Ending IP address in range (inclusive)

Pools are only used if auto-assignment is on for the given address type (IPv4 or IPv6) and if the entire range falls within a managed route.

IPv6 ranges work just like IPv4 ranges and look like this:

{
    "ipRangeStart": "fd00:feed:feed:beef:0000:0000:0000:0000",
    "ipRangeEnd": "fd00:feed:feed:beef:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff"
}

(You can POST a shortened-form IPv6 address but the API will always report back un-shortened canonical form addresses.)

That defines a range within network fd00:feed:feed:beef::/64 that contains up to 2^64 addresses. If an IPv6 range is large enough, the controller will assign addresses by placing each member's device ID into the address in a manner similar to the RFC4193 and 6PLANE modes. Otherwise it will assign addresses at random.

Rule object format:

Each rule is actually a sequence of zero or more MATCH_ entries in the rule array followed by an ACTION_ entry that describes what to do if all the preceding entries match. An ACTION_ without any preceding MATCH_ entries is always taken, so setting a single ACTION_ACCEPT rule yields a network that allows all traffic. If no rules are present the default action is ACTION_DROP.

Rules are evaluated in the order in which they appear in the array. There is currently a limit of 256 entries per network. Capabilities should be used if a larger and more complex rule set is needed since they allow rules to be grouped by purpose and only shipped to members that need them.

Each rule table entry has two common fields.

Field	Type	Description
type	string	Entry type (all caps, case sensitive)
not	boolean	If true, MATCHes match if they don't match

The following fields may or may not be present depending on rule type:

Field	Type	Description
zt	string	10-digit hex ZeroTier address
etherType	integer	Ethernet frame type
mac	string	Hex MAC address (with or without :'s)
ip	string	IPv4 or IPv6 address
ipTos	integer	IP type of service
ipProtocol	integer	IP protocol (e.g. TCP)
start	integer	Start of an integer range (e.g. port range)
end	integer	End of an integer range (inclusive)
id	integer	Tag ID
value	integer	Tag value or comparison value
mask	integer	Bit mask (for characteristics flags)

The entry types and their additional fields are:

Entry type	Description	Fields
ACTION_DROP	Drop any packets matching this rule	(none)
ACTION_ACCEPT	Accept any packets matching this rule	(none)
ACTION_TEE	Send a copy of this packet to a node (rule parsing continues)	zt
ACTION_REDIRECT	Redirect this packet to another node	zt
ACTION_DEBUG_LOG	Output debug info on match (if built with rules engine debug)	(none)
MATCH_SOURCE_ZEROTIER_ADDRESS	Match VL1 ZeroTier address of packet sender.	zt
MATCH_DEST_ZEROTIER_ADDRESS	Match VL1 ZeroTier address of recipient	zt
MATCH_ETHERTYPE	Match Ethernet frame type	etherType
MATCH_MAC_SOURCE	Match source Ethernet MAC address	mac
MATCH_MAC_DEST	Match destination Ethernet MAC address	mac
MATCH_IPV4_SOURCE	Match source IPv4 address	ip
MATCH_IPV4_DEST	Match destination IPv4 address	ip
MATCH_IPV6_SOURCE	Match source IPv6 address	ip
MATCH_IPV6_DEST	Match destination IPv6 address	ip
MATCH_IP_TOS	Match IP TOS field	ipTos
MATCH_IP_PROTOCOL	Match IP protocol field	ipProtocol
MATCH_IP_SOURCE_PORT_RANGE	Match a source IP port range	start,end
MATCH_IP_DEST_PORT_RANGE	Match a destination IP port range	start,end
MATCH_CHARACTERISTICS	Match on characteristics flags	mask,value
MATCH_FRAME_SIZE_RANGE	Match a range of Ethernet frame sizes	start,end
MATCH_TAGS_SAMENESS	Match if both sides' tags differ by no more than value	id,value
MATCH_TAGS_BITWISE_AND	Match if both sides' tags AND to value	id,value
MATCH_TAGS_BITWISE_OR	Match if both sides' tags OR to value	id,value
MATCH_TAGS_BITWISE_XOR	Match if both sides` tags XOR to value	id,value

Important notes about rules engine behavior:

• IPv4 and IPv6 IP address rules do not match for frames that are not IPv4 or IPv6 respectively.
• ACTION_DEBUG_LOG is a no-op on nodes not built with ZT_RULES_ENGINE_DEBUGGING enabled (see Network.cpp). If that is enabled nodes will dump a trace of rule evaluation results to stdout when this action is encountered but will otherwise keep evaluating rules. This is used for basic "smoke testing" of the rules engine.
• Multicast packets and packets destined for bridged devices treated a little differently. They are matched more than once. They are matched at the point of send with a NULL ZeroTier destination address, meaning that MATCH_DEST_ZEROTIER_ADDRESS is useless. That's because the true VL1 destination is not yet known. Then they are matched again for each true VL1 destination. On these later subsequent matches TEE actions are ignored and REDIRECT rules are interpreted as DROPs. This prevents multiple TEE or REDIRECT packets from being sent to third party devices.
• Rules in capabilities are always matched as if the current device is the sender (inbound == false). A capability specifies sender side rules that can be enforced on both sides.

/controller/network/<network ID>/member

• Purpose: Get a set of all members on this network
• Methods: GET
• Returns: { object }

This returns a JSON object containing all member IDs as keys and their memberRevisionCounter values as values.

/controller/network/<network ID>/active

• Purpose: Get a set of all active members on this network
• Methods: GET
• Returns: { object }

This returns an object containing all currently online members and the most recent recentLog entries for their last request.

/controller/network/<network ID>/member/<address>

• Purpose: Create, authorize, or remove a network member
• Methods: GET, POST, DELETE
• Returns: { object }

Field	Type	Description	Writable
id	string	Member's 10-digit ZeroTier address	no
address	string	Member's 10-digit ZeroTier address	no
nwid	string	16-digit network ID	no
clock	integer	Current clock, ms since epoch	no
authorized	boolean	Is member authorized? (for private networks)	YES
authHistory	array[object]	History of auth changes, latest at end	no
activeBridge	boolean	Member is able to bridge to other Ethernet nets	YES
identity	string	Member's public ZeroTier identity (if known)	no
ipAssignments	array[string]	Managed IP address assignments	YES
memberRevision	integer	Member revision counter	no
recentLog	array[object]	Recent member activity log; see below	no

Note that managed IP assignments are only used if they fall within a managed route. Otherwise they are ignored.

Recent log object format:

Field	Type	Description
ts	integer	Time of request, ms since epoch
authorized	boolean	Was member authorized?
clientMajorVersion	integer	Client major version or -1 if unknown
clientMinorVersion	integer	Client minor version or -1 if unknown
clientRevision	integer	Client revision or -1 if unknown
clientProtocolVersion	integer	ZeroTier protocol version reported by client
fromAddr	string	Physical address if known

The controller can only know a member's fromAddr if it's able to establish a direct path to it. Members behind very restrictive firewalls may not have this information since the controller will be receiving the member's requests by way of a relay. ZeroTier does not back-trace IP paths as packets are relayed since this would add a lot of protocol overhead.