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20
Makefile
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@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ code-format:
./.custom-format.py -i gcc_plugin/*.c ./.custom-format.py -i gcc_plugin/*.c
#./.custom-format.py -i gcc_plugin/*.h #./.custom-format.py -i gcc_plugin/*.h
./.custom-format.py -i gcc_plugin/*.cc ./.custom-format.py -i gcc_plugin/*.cc
./.custom-format.py -i experimental/*/*.c ./.custom-format.py -i examples/*/*.c
./.custom-format.py -i experimental/*/*.h ./.custom-format.py -i examples/*/*.h
./.custom-format.py -i qemu_mode/patches/*.h ./.custom-format.py -i qemu_mode/patches/*.h
./.custom-format.py -i qemu_mode/libcompcov/*.c ./.custom-format.py -i qemu_mode/libcompcov/*.c
./.custom-format.py -i qemu_mode/libcompcov/*.cc ./.custom-format.py -i qemu_mode/libcompcov/*.cc
@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ clean:
-$(MAKE) -C gcc_plugin clean -$(MAKE) -C gcc_plugin clean
$(MAKE) -C libdislocator clean $(MAKE) -C libdislocator clean
$(MAKE) -C libtokencap clean $(MAKE) -C libtokencap clean
$(MAKE) -C experimental/socket_fuzzing clean $(MAKE) -C examples/socket_fuzzing clean
$(MAKE) -C experimental/argv_fuzzing clean $(MAKE) -C examples/argv_fuzzing clean
$(MAKE) -C qemu_mode/unsigaction clean $(MAKE) -C qemu_mode/unsigaction clean
$(MAKE) -C qemu_mode/libcompcov clean $(MAKE) -C qemu_mode/libcompcov clean
$(MAKE) -C src/third_party/libradamsa/ clean $(MAKE) -C src/third_party/libradamsa/ clean
@ -335,16 +335,16 @@ distrib: all radamsa
-$(MAKE) -C gcc_plugin -$(MAKE) -C gcc_plugin
$(MAKE) -C libdislocator $(MAKE) -C libdislocator
$(MAKE) -C libtokencap $(MAKE) -C libtokencap
$(MAKE) -C experimental/socket_fuzzing $(MAKE) -C examples/socket_fuzzing
$(MAKE) -C experimental/argv_fuzzing $(MAKE) -C examples/argv_fuzzing
cd qemu_mode && sh ./build_qemu_support.sh cd qemu_mode && sh ./build_qemu_support.sh
cd unicorn_mode && sh ./build_unicorn_support.sh cd unicorn_mode && sh ./build_unicorn_support.sh
binary-only: all radamsa binary-only: all radamsa
$(MAKE) -C libdislocator $(MAKE) -C libdislocator
$(MAKE) -C libtokencap $(MAKE) -C libtokencap
$(MAKE) -C experimental/socket_fuzzing $(MAKE) -C examples/socket_fuzzing
$(MAKE) -C experimental/argv_fuzzing $(MAKE) -C examples/argv_fuzzing
cd qemu_mode && sh ./build_qemu_support.sh cd qemu_mode && sh ./build_qemu_support.sh
cd unicorn_mode && sh ./build_unicorn_support.sh cd unicorn_mode && sh ./build_unicorn_support.sh
@ -395,8 +395,8 @@ endif
if [ -f libcompcov.so ]; then set -e; install -m 755 libcompcov.so $${DESTDIR}$(HELPER_PATH); fi if [ -f libcompcov.so ]; then set -e; install -m 755 libcompcov.so $${DESTDIR}$(HELPER_PATH); fi
if [ -f libradamsa.so ]; then set -e; install -m 755 libradamsa.so $${DESTDIR}$(HELPER_PATH); fi if [ -f libradamsa.so ]; then set -e; install -m 755 libradamsa.so $${DESTDIR}$(HELPER_PATH); fi
if [ -f afl-fuzz-document ]; then set -e; install -m 755 afl-fuzz-document $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH); fi if [ -f afl-fuzz-document ]; then set -e; install -m 755 afl-fuzz-document $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH); fi
$(MAKE) -C experimental/socket_fuzzing install $(MAKE) -C examples/socket_fuzzing install
$(MAKE) -C experimental/argv_fuzzing install $(MAKE) -C examples/argv_fuzzing install
set -e; ln -sf afl-gcc $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-g++ set -e; ln -sf afl-gcc $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-g++
set -e; if [ -f afl-clang-fast ] ; then ln -sf afl-clang-fast $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang ; ln -sf afl-clang-fast $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang++ ; else ln -sf afl-gcc $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang ; ln -sf afl-gcc $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang++; fi set -e; if [ -f afl-clang-fast ] ; then ln -sf afl-clang-fast $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang ; ln -sf afl-clang-fast $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang++ ; else ln -sf afl-gcc $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang ; ln -sf afl-gcc $${DESTDIR}$(BIN_PATH)/afl-clang++; fi

4
README.md
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@ -593,9 +593,9 @@ Here are some of the most important caveats for AFL:
wholly wrap the actual data format to be tested. wholly wrap the actual data format to be tested.
To work around this, you can comment out the relevant checks (see To work around this, you can comment out the relevant checks (see
experimental/libpng_no_checksum/ for inspiration); if this is not possible, examples/libpng_no_checksum/ for inspiration); if this is not possible,
you can also write a postprocessor, as explained in you can also write a postprocessor, as explained in
experimental/post_library/ (with AFL_POST_LIBRARY) examples/post_library/ (with AFL_POST_LIBRARY)
- There are some unfortunate trade-offs with ASAN and 64-bit binaries. This - There are some unfortunate trade-offs with ASAN and 64-bit binaries. This
isn't due to any specific fault of afl-fuzz; see [docs/notes_for_asan.md](docs/notes_for_asan.md) isn't due to any specific fault of afl-fuzz; see [docs/notes_for_asan.md](docs/notes_for_asan.md)

38
docs/ChangeLog
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@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ Version ++2.60c (release):
- fixed a critical bug in afl-tmin that was introduced during ++2.53d - fixed a critical bug in afl-tmin that was introduced during ++2.53d
- added test cases for afl-cmin and afl-tmin to test/test.sh - added test cases for afl-cmin and afl-tmin to test/test.sh
- added ./experimental/argv_fuzzing ld_preload library by Kjell Braden - added ./examples/argv_fuzzing ld_preload library by Kjell Braden
- added preeny's desock_dup ld_preload library as - added preeny's desock_dup ld_preload library as
./experimental/socket_fuzzing for network fuzzing ./examples/socket_fuzzing for network fuzzing
- added AFL_AS_FORCE_INSTRUMENT environment variable for afl-as - this is - added AFL_AS_FORCE_INSTRUMENT environment variable for afl-as - this is
for the retrorewrite project for the retrorewrite project
- we now set QEMU_SET_ENV from AFL_PRELOAD when qemu_mode is used - we now set QEMU_SET_ENV from AFL_PRELOAD when qemu_mode is used
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ Version 2.27b:
- Moved libdislocator to its own dir, added README. - Moved libdislocator to its own dir, added README.
- The demo in experimental/instrumented_cmp is no more. - The demo in examples/instrumented_cmp is no more.
-------------- --------------
Version 2.26b: Version 2.26b:
@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ Version 2.11b:
- Made an improvement to afl-gotcpu when -Z not used. - Made an improvement to afl-gotcpu when -Z not used.
- Fixed a typo in post_library_png.so.c in experimental/. Spotted by Kostya - Fixed a typo in post_library_png.so.c in examples/. Spotted by Kostya
Serebryany. Serebryany.
-------------- --------------
@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ Version 1.75b:
Version 1.74b: Version 1.74b:
-------------- --------------
- Added an example argv[] fuzzing wrapper in experimental/argv_fuzzing. - Added an example argv[] fuzzing wrapper in examples/argv_fuzzing.
Reworked the bash example to be faster, too. Reworked the bash example to be faster, too.
- Clarified llvm_mode prerequisites for FreeBSD. - Clarified llvm_mode prerequisites for FreeBSD.
@ -1231,12 +1231,12 @@ Version 1.61b:
Version 1.60b: Version 1.60b:
-------------- --------------
- Allowed experimental/llvm_instrumentation/ to graduate to llvm_mode/. - Allowed examples/llvm_instrumentation/ to graduate to llvm_mode/.
- Removed experimental/arm_support/, since it's completely broken and likely - Removed examples/arm_support/, since it's completely broken and likely
unnecessary with LLVM support in place. unnecessary with LLVM support in place.
- Added ASAN cgroups script to experimental/asan_cgroups/, updated existing - Added ASAN cgroups script to examples/asan_cgroups/, updated existing
docs. Courtesy Sam Hakim and David A. Wheeler. docs. Courtesy Sam Hakim and David A. Wheeler.
- Refactored afl-tmin to reduce the number of execs in common use cases. - Refactored afl-tmin to reduce the number of execs in common use cases.
@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ Version 1.59b:
-------------- --------------
- Imported Laszlo Szekeres' experimental LLVM instrumentation into - Imported Laszlo Szekeres' experimental LLVM instrumentation into
experimental/llvm_instrumentation. I'll work on including it in the examples/llvm_instrumentation. I'll work on including it in the
"mainstream" version soon. "mainstream" version soon.
- Fixed another typo, thanks to Jakub Wilk. - Fixed another typo, thanks to Jakub Wilk.
@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ Version 1.54b:
- Added another postprocessor example for PNG. - Added another postprocessor example for PNG.
- Made a cosmetic fix to realloc() handling in experimental/post_library/, - Made a cosmetic fix to realloc() handling in examples/post_library/,
suggested by Jakub Wilk. suggested by Jakub Wilk.
- Improved -ldl handling. Suggested by Jakub Wilk. - Improved -ldl handling. Suggested by Jakub Wilk.
@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ Version 1.52b:
- Added support for file format postprocessors. Requested by Ben Nagy. This - Added support for file format postprocessors. Requested by Ben Nagy. This
feature is intentionally buried, since it's fairly easy to misuse and feature is intentionally buried, since it's fairly easy to misuse and
useful only in some scenarios. See experimental/post_library/. useful only in some scenarios. See examples/post_library/.
-------------- --------------
Version 1.51b: Version 1.51b:
@ -1958,7 +1958,7 @@ Version 0.98b:
- Fixed another cosmetic snafu with stage exec counts for -x. - Fixed another cosmetic snafu with stage exec counts for -x.
- Switched afl-plot to /bin/sh, since it seems bashism-free. Also tried - Switched afl-plot to /bin/sh, since it seems bashism-free. Also tried
to remove any obvious bashisms from other experimental/ scripts, to remove any obvious bashisms from other examples/ scripts,
most notably including minimize_corpus.sh and triage_crashes.sh. most notably including minimize_corpus.sh and triage_crashes.sh.
Requested by Jonathan Gray. Requested by Jonathan Gray.
@ -2126,7 +2126,7 @@ Version 0.84b:
Version 0.83b: Version 0.83b:
-------------- --------------
- Added experimental/clang_asm_normalize/ and related notes in - Added examples/clang_asm_normalize/ and related notes in
env_variables.txt and afl-as.c. Thanks to Ryan Govostes for the idea. env_variables.txt and afl-as.c. Thanks to Ryan Govostes for the idea.
- Added advice on hardware utilization in README. - Added advice on hardware utilization in README.
@ -2350,7 +2350,7 @@ Version 0.62b:
- Made minor improvements to the allocator, as suggested by Tobias Ospelt. - Made minor improvements to the allocator, as suggested by Tobias Ospelt.
- Added example instrumented memcmp() in experimental/instrumented_cmp. - Added example instrumented memcmp() in examples/instrumented_cmp.
- Added a speculative fix for MacOS X (clang detection, again). - Added a speculative fix for MacOS X (clang detection, again).
@ -2475,7 +2475,7 @@ Version 0.53b:
Version 0.52b: Version 0.52b:
-------------- --------------
- Added a quick summary of the contents in experimental/. - Added a quick summary of the contents in examples/.
- Made a fix to the process of writing fuzzer_stats. - Made a fix to the process of writing fuzzer_stats.
@ -2637,7 +2637,7 @@ Version 0.43b:
- Added status_screen.txt. - Added status_screen.txt.
- Added experimental/canvas_harness. - Added examples/canvas_harness.
- Made a minor change to the Makefile GCC check. Suggested by Hanno Boeck. - Made a minor change to the Makefile GCC check. Suggested by Hanno Boeck.
@ -2648,7 +2648,7 @@ Version 0.42b:
- Fixed a bug with red zone handling for 64-bit (oops!). Problem reported by - Fixed a bug with red zone handling for 64-bit (oops!). Problem reported by
Felix Groebert. Felix Groebert.
- Implemented horribly experimental ARM support in experimental/arm_support. - Implemented horribly experimental ARM support in examples/arm_support.
- Made several improvements to error messages. - Made several improvements to error messages.
@ -2687,7 +2687,7 @@ Version 0.40b:
- Added support for parallelized fuzzing. Inspired by earlier patch - Added support for parallelized fuzzing. Inspired by earlier patch
from Sebastian Roschke. from Sebastian Roschke.
- Added an example in experimental/distributed_fuzzing/. - Added an example in examples/distributed_fuzzing/.
-------------- --------------
Version 0.39b: Version 0.39b:
@ -2837,7 +2837,7 @@ Version 0.26b:
- Added a built-in effort minimizer to get rid of potentially redundant - Added a built-in effort minimizer to get rid of potentially redundant
inputs, inputs,
- Provided a testcase count minimization script in experimental/, - Provided a testcase count minimization script in examples/,
- Made miscellaneous improvements to directory and file handling. - Made miscellaneous improvements to directory and file handling.

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docs/README.md
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
../README.md

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docs/README.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
# american fuzzy lop plus plus (afl++)
![Travis State](https://api.travis-ci.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus.svg?branch=master)
Release Version: 2.60c
Github Version: 2.60d
includes all necessary/interesting changes from Google's afl 2.56b
Originally developed by Michal "lcamtuf" Zalewski.
Repository: [https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus](https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus)
afl++ is maintained by Marc "van Hauser" Heuse <mh@mh-sec.de>,
Heiko "hexcoder-" Eißfeldt <heiko.eissfeldt@hexco.de>, Andrea Fioraldi <andreafioraldi@gmail.com> and Dominik Maier <mail@dmnk.co>.
Note that although afl now has a Google afl repository [https://github.com/Google/afl](https://github.com/Google/afl),
it is unlikely to receive any noteable enhancements: [https://twitter.com/Dor3s/status/1154737061787660288](https://twitter.com/Dor3s/status/1154737061787660288)
## The enhancements compared to the original stock afl
Many improvements were made over the official afl release - which did not
get any feature improvements since November 2017.
Among other changes afl++ has a more performant llvm_mode, supports
llvm up to version 11, QEMU 3.1, more speed and crashfixes for QEMU,
better *BSD and Android support and much, much more.
Additionally the following features and patches have been integrated:
* AFLfast's power schedules by Marcel Böhme: [https://github.com/mboehme/aflfast](https://github.com/mboehme/aflfast)
* The new excellent MOpt mutator: [https://github.com/puppet-meteor/MOpt-AFL](https://github.com/puppet-meteor/MOpt-AFL)
* InsTrim, a very effective CFG llvm_mode instrumentation implementation for large targets: [https://github.com/csienslab/instrim](https://github.com/csienslab/instrim)
* C. Holler's afl-fuzz Python mutator module and llvm_mode whitelist support: [https://github.com/choller/afl](https://github.com/choller/afl)
* Custom mutator by a library (instead of Python) by kyakdan
* unicorn_mode which allows fuzzing of binaries from completely different platforms (integration provided by domenukk)
* laf-intel or CompCov support for llvm_mode, qemu_mode and unicorn_mode
* NeverZero patch for afl-gcc, llvm_mode, qemu_mode and unicorn_mode which prevents a wrapping map value to zero, increases coverage
* Persistent mode and deferred forkserver for qemu_mode
* Win32 PE binary-only fuzzing with QEMU and Wine
* Radamsa mutator (enable with `-R` to add or `-RR` to run it exclusivly).
* qbdi_mode: fuzz android native libraries via QBDI framework
A more thorough list is available in the PATCHES file.
| Feature/Instrumentation | afl-gcc | llvm_mode | gcc_plugin | qemu_mode | unicorn_mode |
| ----------------------- |:-------:|:---------:|:----------:|:---------:|:------------:|
| laf-intel / CompCov | | x | | x86/arm | x86/arm |
| NeverZero | x | x(1) | (2) | x | x |
| Persistent mode | | x | x | x86 | x |
| Whitelist | | x | x | | |
| InsTrim | | x | | | |
neverZero:
(1) only in LLVM >= 9.0 due to a bug in llvm in previous versions
(2) gcc creates non-performant code, hence it is disabled in gcc_plugin
So all in all this is the best-of afl that is currently out there :-)
For new versions and additional information, check out:
[https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus](https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus)
To compare notes with other users or get notified about major new features,
send a mail to <afl-users+subscribe@googlegroups.com>.
See [docs/QuickStartGuide.md](docs/QuickStartGuide.md) if you don't have time to
read this file.
## 0) Building and installing afl++
afl++ has many build options.
The easiest is to build and install everything:
```shell
$ make distrib
$ sudo make install
```
Note that "make distrib" also builds llvm_mode, qemu_mode, unicorn_mode and
more. If you just want plain afl then do "make all", however compiling and
using at least llvm_mode is highly recommended for much better results -
hence in this case
```shell
$ make source-only
```
is what you should choose.
These build options exist:
* all: just the main afl++ binaries
* binary-only: everything for binary-only fuzzing: qemu_mode, unicorn_mode, libdislocator, libtokencap, radamsa
* source-only: everything for source code fuzzing: llvm_mode, libdislocator, libtokencap, radamsa
* distrib: everything (for both binary-only and source code fuzzing)
* install: installs everything you have compiled with the build options above
* clean: cleans everything. for qemu_mode and unicorn_mode it means it deletes all downloads as well
* code-format: format the code, do this before you commit and send a PR please!
* tests: runs test cases to ensure that all features are still working as they should
* help: shows these build options
[Unless you are on Mac OS X](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1118/_index.html) you can also build statically linked versions of the
afl++ binaries by passing the STATIC=1 argument to make:
```shell
$ make all STATIC=1
```
Note that afl++ is faster and better the newer the compilers used are.
Hence gcc-9 and especially llvm-9 should be the compilers of choice.
If your distribution does not have them, you can use the Dockerfile:
```shell
$ docker build -t aflplusplus
```
## 1) Challenges of guided fuzzing
Fuzzing is one of the most powerful and proven strategies for identifying
security issues in real-world software; it is responsible for the vast
majority of remote code execution and privilege escalation bugs found to date
in security-critical software.
Unfortunately, fuzzing is also relatively shallow; blind, random mutations
make it very unlikely to reach certain code paths in the tested code, leaving
some vulnerabilities firmly outside the reach of this technique.
There have been numerous attempts to solve this problem. One of the early
approaches - pioneered by Tavis Ormandy - is corpus distillation. The method
relies on coverage signals to select a subset of interesting seeds from a
massive, high-quality corpus of candidate files, and then fuzz them by
traditional means. The approach works exceptionally well, but requires such
a corpus to be readily available. In addition, block coverage measurements
provide only a very simplistic understanding of program state, and are less
useful for guiding the fuzzing effort in the long haul.
Other, more sophisticated research has focused on techniques such as program
flow analysis ("concolic execution"), symbolic execution, or static analysis.
All these methods are extremely promising in experimental settings, but tend
to suffer from reliability and performance problems in practical uses - and
currently do not offer a viable alternative to "dumb" fuzzing techniques.
## 2) The afl-fuzz approach
American Fuzzy Lop is a brute-force fuzzer coupled with an exceedingly simple
but rock-solid instrumentation-guided genetic algorithm. It uses a modified
form of edge coverage to effortlessly pick up subtle, local-scale changes to
program control flow.
Simplifying a bit, the overall algorithm can be summed up as:
1) Load user-supplied initial test cases into the queue,
2) Take next input file from the queue,
3) Attempt to trim the test case to the smallest size that doesn't alter
the measured behavior of the program,
4) Repeatedly mutate the file using a balanced and well-researched variety
of traditional fuzzing strategies,
5) If any of the generated mutations resulted in a new state transition
recorded by the instrumentation, add mutated output as a new entry in the
queue.
6) Go to 2.
The discovered test cases are also periodically culled to eliminate ones that
have been obsoleted by newer, higher-coverage finds; and undergo several other
instrumentation-driven effort minimization steps.
As a side result of the fuzzing process, the tool creates a small,
self-contained corpus of interesting test cases. These are extremely useful
for seeding other, labor- or resource-intensive testing regimes - for example,
for stress-testing browsers, office applications, graphics suites, or
closed-source tools.
The fuzzer is thoroughly tested to deliver out-of-the-box performance far
superior to blind fuzzing or coverage-only tools.
## 3) Instrumenting programs for use with AFL
PLEASE NOTE: llvm_mode compilation with afl-clang-fast/afl-clang-fast++
instead of afl-gcc/afl-g++ is much faster and has a few cool features.
See llvm_mode/ - however few code does not compile with llvm.
We support llvm versions 3.8.0 to 11.
When source code is available, instrumentation can be injected by a companion
tool that works as a drop-in replacement for gcc or clang in any standard build
process for third-party code.
The instrumentation has a fairly modest performance impact; in conjunction with
other optimizations implemented by afl-fuzz, most programs can be fuzzed as fast
or even faster than possible with traditional tools.
The correct way to recompile the target program may vary depending on the
specifics of the build process, but a nearly-universal approach would be:
```shell
$ CC=/path/to/afl/afl-gcc ./configure
$ make clean all
```
For C++ programs, you'd would also want to set `CXX=/path/to/afl/afl-g++`.
The clang wrappers (afl-clang and afl-clang++) can be used in the same way;
clang users may also opt to leverage a higher-performance instrumentation mode,
as described in [llvm_mode/README.md](llvm_mode/README.md).
Clang/LLVM has a much better performance and works with LLVM version 3.8.0 to 11.
Using the LAF Intel performance enhancements are also recommended, see
[llvm_mode/README.laf-intel.md](llvm_mode/README.laf-intel.md)
Using partial instrumentation is also recommended, see
[llvm_mode/README.whitelist.md](llvm_mode/README.whitelist.md)
When testing libraries, you need to find or write a simple program that reads
data from stdin or from a file and passes it to the tested library. In such a
case, it is essential to link this executable against a static version of the
instrumented library, or to make sure that the correct .so file is loaded at
runtime (usually by setting `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`). The simplest option is a static
build, usually possible via:
```shell
$ CC=/path/to/afl/afl-gcc ./configure --disable-shared
```
Setting `AFL_HARDEN=1` when calling 'make' will cause the CC wrapper to
automatically enable code hardening options that make it easier to detect
simple memory bugs. Libdislocator, a helper library included with AFL (see
[libdislocator/README.md](libdislocator/README.md)) can help uncover heap corruption issues, too.
PS. ASAN users are advised to review [docs/notes_for_asan.md](docs/notes_for_asan.md)
file for important caveats.
## 4) Instrumenting binary-only apps
When source code is *NOT* available, the fuzzer offers experimental support for
fast, on-the-fly instrumentation of black-box binaries. This is accomplished
with a version of QEMU running in the lesser-known "user space emulation" mode.
QEMU is a project separate from AFL, but you can conveniently build the
feature by doing:
```shell
$ cd qemu_mode
$ ./build_qemu_support.sh
```
For additional instructions and caveats, see [qemu_mode/README.md](qemu_mode/README.md).
The mode is approximately 2-5x slower than compile-time instrumentation, is
less conducive to parallelization, and may have some other quirks.
If [afl-dyninst](https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/afl-dyninst) works for
your binary, then you can use afl-fuzz normally and it will have twice
the speed compared to qemu_mode.
A more comprehensive description of these and other options can be found in
[docs/binaryonly_fuzzing.md](docs/binaryonly_fuzzing.md)
## 5) Power schedules
The power schedules were copied from Marcel Böhme's excellent AFLfast
implementation and expand on the ability to discover new paths and
therefore may increase the code coverage.
The available schedules are:
- explore (default)
- fast
- coe
- quad
- lin
- exploit
In parallel mode (-M/-S, several instances with shared queue), we suggest to
run the master using the exploit schedule (-p exploit) and the slaves with a
combination of cut-off-exponential (-p coe), exponential (-p fast; default),
and explore (-p explore) schedules.
In single mode, using -p fast is usually more beneficial than the default
explore mode.
(We don't want to change the default behaviour of afl, so "fast" has not been
made the default mode).
More details can be found in the paper published at the 23rd ACM Conference on
Computer and Communications Security [CCS'16](https://www.sigsac.org/ccs/CCS2016/accepted-papers/)
## 6) Choosing initial test cases
To operate correctly, the fuzzer requires one or more starting file that
contains a good example of the input data normally expected by the targeted
application. There are two basic rules:
- Keep the files small. Under 1 kB is ideal, although not strictly necessary.
For a discussion of why size matters, see [perf_tips.txt](docs/perf_tips.txt).
- Use multiple test cases only if they are functionally different from
each other. There is no point in using fifty different vacation photos
to fuzz an image library.
You can find many good examples of starting files in the testcases/ subdirectory
that comes with this tool.
PS. If a large corpus of data is available for screening, you may want to use
the afl-cmin utility to identify a subset of functionally distinct files that
exercise different code paths in the target binary.
## 7) Fuzzing binaries
The fuzzing process itself is carried out by the afl-fuzz utility. This program
requires a read-only directory with initial test cases, a separate place to
store its findings, plus a path to the binary to test.
For target binaries that accept input directly from stdin, the usual syntax is:
```shell
$ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir /path/to/program [...params...]
```
For programs that take input from a file, use '@@' to mark the location in
the target's command line where the input file name should be placed. The
fuzzer will substitute this for you:
```shell
$ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir /path/to/program @@
```
You can also use the -f option to have the mutated data written to a specific
file. This is useful if the program expects a particular file extension or so.
Non-instrumented binaries can be fuzzed in the QEMU mode (add -Q in the command
line) or in a traditional, blind-fuzzer mode (specify -n).
You can use -t and -m to override the default timeout and memory limit for the
executed process; rare examples of targets that may need these settings touched
include compilers and video decoders.
Tips for optimizing fuzzing performance are discussed in [perf_tips.txt](docs/perf_tips.txt).
Note that afl-fuzz starts by performing an array of deterministic fuzzing
steps, which can take several days, but tend to produce neat test cases. If you
want quick & dirty results right away - akin to zzuf and other traditional
fuzzers - add the -d option to the command line.
## 8) Interpreting output
See the [docs/status_screen.txt](docs/status_screen.txt) file for information on
how to interpret the displayed stats and monitor the health of the process. Be
sure to consult this file especially if any UI elements are highlighted in red.
The fuzzing process will continue until you press Ctrl-C. At minimum, you want
to allow the fuzzer to complete one queue cycle, which may take anywhere from a
couple of hours to a week or so.
There are three subdirectories created within the output directory and updated
in real time:
- queue/ - test cases for every distinctive execution path, plus all the
starting files given by the user. This is the synthesized corpus
mentioned in section 2.
Before using this corpus for any other purposes, you can shrink
it to a smaller size using the afl-cmin tool. The tool will find
a smaller subset of files offering equivalent edge coverage.
- crashes/ - unique test cases that cause the tested program to receive a
fatal signal (e.g., SIGSEGV, SIGILL, SIGABRT). The entries are
grouped by the received signal.
- hangs/ - unique test cases that cause the tested program to time out. The
default time limit before something is classified as a hang is
the larger of 1 second and the value of the -t parameter.
The value can be fine-tuned by setting AFL_HANG_TMOUT, but this
is rarely necessary.
Crashes and hangs are considered "unique" if the associated execution paths
involve any state transitions not seen in previously-recorded faults. If a
single bug can be reached in multiple ways, there will be some count inflation
early in the process, but this should quickly taper off.
The file names for crashes and hangs are correlated with parent, non-faulting
queue entries. This should help with debugging.
When you can't reproduce a crash found by afl-fuzz, the most likely cause is
that you are not setting the same memory limit as used by the tool. Try:
```shell
$ LIMIT_MB=50
$ ( ulimit -Sv $[LIMIT_MB << 10]; /path/to/tested_binary ... )
```
Change LIMIT_MB to match the -m parameter passed to afl-fuzz. On OpenBSD,
also change -Sv to -Sd.
Any existing output directory can be also used to resume aborted jobs; try:
```shell
$ ./afl-fuzz -i- -o existing_output_dir [...etc...]
```
If you have gnuplot installed, you can also generate some pretty graphs for any
active fuzzing task using afl-plot. For an example of how this looks like,
see [http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/plot/](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/plot/).
## 9) Parallelized fuzzing
Every instance of afl-fuzz takes up roughly one core. This means that on
multi-core systems, parallelization is necessary to fully utilize the hardware.
For tips on how to fuzz a common target on multiple cores or multiple networked
machines, please refer to [docs/parallel_fuzzing.md](docs/parallel_fuzzing.md).
The parallel fuzzing mode also offers a simple way for interfacing AFL to other
fuzzers, to symbolic or concolic execution engines, and so forth; again, see the
last section of [docs/parallel_fuzzing.md](docs/parallel_fuzzing.md) for tips.
## 10) Fuzzer dictionaries
By default, afl-fuzz mutation engine is optimized for compact data formats -
say, images, multimedia, compressed data, regular expression syntax, or shell
scripts. It is somewhat less suited for languages with particularly verbose and
redundant verbiage - notably including HTML, SQL, or JavaScript.
To avoid the hassle of building syntax-aware tools, afl-fuzz provides a way to
seed the fuzzing process with an optional dictionary of language keywords,
magic headers, or other special tokens associated with the targeted data type
-- and use that to reconstruct the underlying grammar on the go:
[http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2015/01/afl-fuzz-making-up-grammar-with.html](http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2015/01/afl-fuzz-making-up-grammar-with.html)
To use this feature, you first need to create a dictionary in one of the two
formats discussed in [dictionaries/README.md](dictionaries/README.md);
and then point the fuzzer to it via the -x option in the command line.
(Several common dictionaries are already provided in that subdirectory, too.)
There is no way to provide more structured descriptions of the underlying
syntax, but the fuzzer will likely figure out some of this based on the
instrumentation feedback alone. This actually works in practice, say:
[http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2015/04/finding-bugs-in-sqlite-easy-way.html](http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2015/04/finding-bugs-in-sqlite-easy-way.html)
PS. Even when no explicit dictionary is given, afl-fuzz will try to extract
existing syntax tokens in the input corpus by watching the instrumentation
very closely during deterministic byte flips. This works for some types of
parsers and grammars, but isn't nearly as good as the -x mode.
If a dictionary is really hard to come by, another option is to let AFL run
for a while, and then use the token capture library that comes as a companion
utility with AFL. For that, see [libtokencap/README.md](libtokencap/README.tokencap.md).
## 11) Crash triage
The coverage-based grouping of crashes usually produces a small data set that
can be quickly triaged manually or with a very simple GDB or Valgrind script.
Every crash is also traceable to its parent non-crashing test case in the
queue, making it easier to diagnose faults.
Having said that, it's important to acknowledge that some fuzzing crashes can be
difficult to quickly evaluate for exploitability without a lot of debugging and
code analysis work. To assist with this task, afl-fuzz supports a very unique
"crash exploration" mode enabled with the -C flag.
In this mode, the fuzzer takes one or more crashing test cases as the input,
and uses its feedback-driven fuzzing strategies to very quickly enumerate all
code paths that can be reached in the program while keeping it in the
crashing state.
Mutations that do not result in a crash are rejected; so are any changes that
do not affect the execution path.
The output is a small corpus of files that can be very rapidly examined to see
what degree of control the attacker has over the faulting address, or whether
it is possible to get past an initial out-of-bounds read - and see what lies
beneath.
Oh, one more thing: for test case minimization, give afl-tmin a try. The tool
can be operated in a very simple way:
```shell
$ ./afl-tmin -i test_case -o minimized_result -- /path/to/program [...]
```
The tool works with crashing and non-crashing test cases alike. In the crash
mode, it will happily accept instrumented and non-instrumented binaries. In the
non-crashing mode, the minimizer relies on standard AFL instrumentation to make
the file simpler without altering the execution path.
The minimizer accepts the -m, -t, -f and @@ syntax in a manner compatible with
afl-fuzz.
Another recent addition to AFL is the afl-analyze tool. It takes an input
file, attempts to sequentially flip bytes, and observes the behavior of the
tested program. It then color-codes the input based on which sections appear to
be critical, and which are not; while not bulletproof, it can often offer quick
insights into complex file formats. More info about its operation can be found
near the end of [docs/technical_details.txt](docs/technical_details.txt).
## 12) Going beyond crashes
Fuzzing is a wonderful and underutilized technique for discovering non-crashing
design and implementation errors, too. Quite a few interesting bugs have been
found by modifying the target programs to call abort() when, say:
- Two bignum libraries produce different outputs when given the same
fuzzer-generated input,
- An image library produces different outputs when asked to decode the same
input image several times in a row,
- A serialization / deserialization library fails to produce stable outputs
when iteratively serializing and deserializing fuzzer-supplied data,
- A compression library produces an output inconsistent with the input file
when asked to compress and then decompress a particular blob.
Implementing these or similar sanity checks usually takes very little time;
if you are the maintainer of a particular package, you can make this code
conditional with `#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION` (a flag also
shared with libfuzzer) or `#ifdef __AFL_COMPILER` (this one is just for AFL).
## 13) Common-sense risks
Please keep in mind that, similarly to many other computationally-intensive
tasks, fuzzing may put strain on your hardware and on the OS. In particular:
- Your CPU will run hot and will need adequate cooling. In most cases, if
cooling is insufficient or stops working properly, CPU speeds will be
automatically throttled. That said, especially when fuzzing on less
suitable hardware (laptops, smartphones, etc), it's not entirely impossible
for something to blow up.
- Targeted programs may end up erratically grabbing gigabytes of memory or
filling up disk space with junk files. AFL tries to enforce basic memory
limits, but can't prevent each and every possible mishap. The bottom line
is that you shouldn't be fuzzing on systems where the prospect of data loss
is not an acceptable risk.
- Fuzzing involves billions of reads and writes to the filesystem. On modern
systems, this will be usually heavily cached, resulting in fairly modest
"physical" I/O - but there are many factors that may alter this equation.
It is your responsibility to monitor for potential trouble; with very heavy
I/O, the lifespan of many HDDs and SSDs may be reduced.
A good way to monitor disk I/O on Linux is the 'iostat' command:
```shell
$ iostat -d 3 -x -k [...optional disk ID...]
```
## 14) Known limitations & areas for improvement
Here are some of the most important caveats for AFL:
- AFL detects faults by checking for the first spawned process dying due to
a signal (SIGSEGV, SIGABRT, etc). Programs that install custom handlers for
these signals may need to have the relevant code commented out. In the same
vein, faults in child processed spawned by the fuzzed target may evade
detection unless you manually add some code to catch that.
- As with any other brute-force tool, the fuzzer offers limited coverage if
encryption, checksums, cryptographic signatures, or compression are used to
wholly wrap the actual data format to be tested.
To work around this, you can comment out the relevant checks (see
examples/libpng_no_checksum/ for inspiration); if this is not possible,
you can also write a postprocessor, as explained in
examples/post_library/ (with AFL_POST_LIBRARY)
- There are some unfortunate trade-offs with ASAN and 64-bit binaries. This
isn't due to any specific fault of afl-fuzz; see [docs/notes_for_asan.md](docs/notes_for_asan.md)
for tips.
- There is no direct support for fuzzing network services, background
daemons, or interactive apps that require UI interaction to work. You may
need to make simple code changes to make them behave in a more traditional
way. Preeny may offer a relatively simple option, too - see:
[https://github.com/zardus/preeny](https://github.com/zardus/preeny)
Some useful tips for modifying network-based services can be also found at:
[https://www.fastly.com/blog/how-to-fuzz-server-american-fuzzy-lop](https://www.fastly.com/blog/how-to-fuzz-server-american-fuzzy-lop)
- AFL doesn't output human-readable coverage data. If you want to monitor
coverage, use afl-cov from Michael Rash: [https://github.com/mrash/afl-cov](https://github.com/mrash/afl-cov)
- Occasionally, sentient machines rise against their creators. If this
happens to you, please consult [http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/prep/](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/prep/).
Beyond this, see INSTALL for platform-specific tips.
## 15) Special thanks
Many of the improvements to the original afl and afl++ wouldn't be possible
without feedback, bug reports, or patches from:
```
Jann Horn Hanno Boeck
Felix Groebert Jakub Wilk
Richard W. M. Jones Alexander Cherepanov
Tom Ritter Hovik Manucharyan
Sebastian Roschke Eberhard Mattes
Padraig Brady Ben Laurie
@dronesec Luca Barbato
Tobias Ospelt Thomas Jarosch
Martin Carpenter Mudge Zatko
Joe Zbiciak Ryan Govostes
Michael Rash William Robinet
Jonathan Gray Filipe Cabecinhas
Nico Weber Jodie Cunningham
Andrew Griffiths Parker Thompson
Jonathan Neuschaefer Tyler Nighswander
Ben Nagy Samir Aguiar
Aidan Thornton Aleksandar Nikolich
Sam Hakim Laszlo Szekeres
David A. Wheeler Turo Lamminen
Andreas Stieger Richard Godbee
Louis Dassy teor2345
Alex Moneger Dmitry Vyukov
Keegan McAllister Kostya Serebryany
Richo Healey Martijn Bogaard
rc0r Jonathan Foote
Christian Holler Dominique Pelle
Jacek Wielemborek Leo Barnes
Jeremy Barnes Jeff Trull
Guillaume Endignoux ilovezfs
Daniel Godas-Lopez Franjo Ivancic
Austin Seipp Daniel Komaromy
Daniel Binderman Jonathan Metzman
Vegard Nossum Jan Kneschke
Kurt Roeckx Marcel Boehme
Van-Thuan Pham Abhik Roychoudhury
Joshua J. Drake Toby Hutton
Rene Freingruber Sergey Davidoff
Sami Liedes Craig Young
Andrzej Jackowski Daniel Hodson
Nathan Voss Dominik Maier
Andrea Biondo Vincent Le Garrec
Khaled Yakdan Kuang-che Wu
```
Thank you!
## 16) Contact
Questions? Concerns? Bug reports? The contributors can be reached via
[https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus](https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/AFLplusplus)
There is also a mailing list for the afl project; to join, send a mail to
<afl-users+subscribe@googlegroups.com>. Or, if you prefer to browse
archives first, try: [https://groups.google.com/group/afl-users](https://groups.google.com/group/afl-users)

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@ -1 +0,0 @@
../src/third_party/libradamsa/README.md

9
docs/README.radamsa.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
# libradamsa
Pretranslated radamsa library. This code belongs to the radamsa author.
> Original repository: https://gitlab.com/akihe/radamsa
> Source commit: 7b2cc2d0
> The code here is adapted for AFL++ with minor changes respect the original version

4
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ tools make fairly broad use of environmental variables:
in your $PATH. in your $PATH.
- AFL_PATH can be used to point afl-gcc to an alternate location of afl-as. - AFL_PATH can be used to point afl-gcc to an alternate location of afl-as.
One possible use of this is experimental/clang_asm_normalize/, which lets One possible use of this is examples/clang_asm_normalize/, which lets
you instrument hand-written assembly when compiling clang code by plugging you instrument hand-written assembly when compiling clang code by plugging
a normalizer into the chain. (There is no equivalent feature for GCC.) a normalizer into the chain. (There is no equivalent feature for GCC.)
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ checks or alter some of the more exotic semantics of the tool:
Beyond counter aesthetics, not much else should change. Beyond counter aesthetics, not much else should change.
- Setting AFL_POST_LIBRARY allows you to configure a postprocessor for - Setting AFL_POST_LIBRARY allows you to configure a postprocessor for
mutated files - say, to fix up checksums. See experimental/post_library/ mutated files - say, to fix up checksums. See examples/post_library/
for more. for more.
- Setting AFL_CUSTOM_MUTATOR_LIBRARY to a shared library with - Setting AFL_CUSTOM_MUTATOR_LIBRARY to a shared library with

4
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@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ Be sure to check out docs/sister_projects.md before writing your own.
## Need to fuzz the command-line arguments of a particular program? ## Need to fuzz the command-line arguments of a particular program?
You can find a simple solution in experimental/argv_fuzzing. You can find a simple solution in examples/argv_fuzzing.
## Attacking a format that uses checksums? ## Attacking a format that uses checksums?
Remove the checksum-checking code or Remove the checksum-checking code or
use a postprocessor! See experimental/post_library/ for more. use a postprocessor! See examples/post_library/ for more.
## Dealing with a very slow target or hoping for instant results? ## Dealing with a very slow target or hoping for instant results?

4
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Because of this, fuzzing with ASAN is recommended only in four scenarios:
- Precisely gauge memory needs using http://jwilk.net/software/recidivm . - Precisely gauge memory needs using http://jwilk.net/software/recidivm .
- Limit the memory available to process using cgroups on Linux (see - Limit the memory available to process using cgroups on Linux (see
experimental/asan_cgroups). examples/asan_cgroups).
To compile with ASAN, set AFL_USE_ASAN=1 before calling 'make clean all'. The To compile with ASAN, set AFL_USE_ASAN=1 before calling 'make clean all'. The
afl-gcc / afl-clang wrappers will pick that up and add the appropriate flags. afl-gcc / afl-clang wrappers will pick that up and add the appropriate flags.
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ There are also cgroups, but they are Linux-specific, not universally available
even on Linux systems, and they require root permissions to set up; I'm a bit even on Linux systems, and they require root permissions to set up; I'm a bit
hesitant to make afl-fuzz require root permissions just for that. That said, hesitant to make afl-fuzz require root permissions just for that. That said,
if you are on Linux and want to use cgroups, check out the contributed script if you are on Linux and want to use cgroups, check out the contributed script
that ships in experimental/asan_cgroups/. that ships in examples/asan_cgroups/.
In settings where cgroups aren't available, we have no nice, portable way to In settings where cgroups aren't available, we have no nice, portable way to
avoid counting the ASAN allocation toward the limit. On 32-bit systems, or for avoid counting the ASAN allocation toward the limit. On 32-bit systems, or for

2
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@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ write a simple script that performs two actions:
done done
``` ```
There is an example of such a script in experimental/distributed_fuzzing/; There is an example of such a script in examples/distributed_fuzzing/;
you can also find a more featured, experimental tool developed by you can also find a more featured, experimental tool developed by
Martijn Bogaard at: Martijn Bogaard at:

2
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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Here's a quick overview of the stuff you can find in this directory:
- socket_fuzzing - a LD_PRELOAD library 'redirects' a socket to stdin - socket_fuzzing - a LD_PRELOAD library 'redirects' a socket to stdin
for fuzzing access with afl++ for fuzzing access with afl++
Note that the minimize_corpus.sh tool has graduated from the experimental/ Note that the minimize_corpus.sh tool has graduated from the examples/
directory and is now available as ../afl-cmin. The LLVM mode has likewise directory and is now available as ../afl-cmin. The LLVM mode has likewise
graduated to ../llvm_mode/*. graduated to ../llvm_mode/*.

2
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@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ The numerical value specified within the loop controls the maximum number
of iterations before AFL will restart the process from scratch. This minimizes of iterations before AFL will restart the process from scratch. This minimizes
the impact of memory leaks and similar glitches; 1000 is a good starting point. the impact of memory leaks and similar glitches; 1000 is a good starting point.
A more detailed template is shown in ../experimental/persistent_demo/. A more detailed template is shown in ../examples/persistent_demo/.
Similarly to the previous mode, the feature works only with afl-gcc-fast or Similarly to the previous mode, the feature works only with afl-gcc-fast or
afl-clang-fast; #ifdef guards can be used to suppress it when using other afl-clang-fast; #ifdef guards can be used to suppress it when using other
compilers. compilers.

2
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@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ the impact of memory leaks and similar glitches; 1000 is a good starting point,
and going much higher increases the likelihood of hiccups without giving you and going much higher increases the likelihood of hiccups without giving you
any real performance benefits. any real performance benefits.
A more detailed template is shown in ../experimental/persistent_demo/. A more detailed template is shown in ../examples/persistent_demo/.
Similarly to the previous mode, the feature works only with afl-clang-fast; #ifdef Similarly to the previous mode, the feature works only with afl-clang-fast; #ifdef
guards can be used to suppress it when using other compilers. guards can be used to suppress it when using other compilers.

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@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ match.
## 9) Gotchas, feedback, bugs ## 9) Gotchas, feedback, bugs
If you need to fix up checksums or do other cleanup on mutated test cases, see If you need to fix up checksums or do other cleanup on mutated test cases, see
experimental/post_library/ for a viable solution. examples/post_library/ for a viable solution.
Do not mix QEMU mode with ASAN, MSAN, or the likes; QEMU doesn't appreciate Do not mix QEMU mode with ASAN, MSAN, or the likes; QEMU doesn't appreciate
the "shadow VM" trick employed by the sanitizers and will probably just the "shadow VM" trick employed by the sanitizers and will probably just

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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
utility has right now is to be able to skip them gracefully and allow the utility has right now is to be able to skip them gracefully and allow the
compilation process to continue. compilation process to continue.
That said, see experimental/clang_asm_normalize/ for a solution that may That said, see examples/clang_asm_normalize/ for a solution that may
allow clang users to make things work even with hand-crafted assembly. Just allow clang users to make things work even with hand-crafted assembly. Just
note that there is no equivalent for GCC. note that there is no equivalent for GCC.

4
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@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ test -e ../afl-clang-fast -a -e ../split-switches-pass.so && {
CODE=1 CODE=1
} }
rm -f test-compcov test.out whitelist.txt rm -f test-compcov test.out whitelist.txt
../afl-clang-fast -o test-persistent ../experimental/persistent_demo/persistent_demo.c > /dev/null 2>&1 ../afl-clang-fast -o test-persistent ../examples/persistent_demo/persistent_demo.c > /dev/null 2>&1
test -e test-persistent && { test -e test-persistent && {
echo foo | ../afl-showmap -o /dev/null -q -r ./test-persistent && { echo foo | ../afl-showmap -o /dev/null -q -r ./test-persistent && {
$ECHO "$GREEN[+] llvm_mode persistent mode feature works correctly" $ECHO "$GREEN[+] llvm_mode persistent mode feature works correctly"
@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ test -e ../afl-gcc-fast -a -e ../afl-gcc-rt.o && {
CODE=1 CODE=1
} }
rm -f test-compcov test.out whitelist.txt rm -f test-compcov test.out whitelist.txt
../afl-gcc-fast -o test-persistent ../experimental/persistent_demo/persistent_demo.c > /dev/null 2>&1 ../afl-gcc-fast -o test-persistent ../examples/persistent_demo/persistent_demo.c > /dev/null 2>&1
test -e test-persistent && { test -e test-persistent && {
echo foo | ../afl-showmap -o /dev/null -q -r ./test-persistent && { echo foo | ../afl-showmap -o /dev/null -q -r ./test-persistent && {
$ECHO "$GREEN[+] gcc_plugin persistent mode feature works correctly" $ECHO "$GREEN[+] gcc_plugin persistent mode feature works correctly"